(Prelims) MicroBio Lab Exam 2

Question 1

a substance that adheres to a cell, giving the cell color.

Answer 1

STAIN

Question 2

to preserve the
shape of the cells or tissue involved as much as possible.

Answer 2

FIXATION

Question 2

used to differentiate different types of organisms or to
view specific parts of organisms.

Answer 2

STAIN

Question 3

means coloring the microorganisms with a dye
that emphasizes certain structures

Answer 3

STAINING

Question 3

Microorganisms must be what? to the microscope slide before it can be stained.

Answer 3

Fixed

Question 4

used to kill, adhere, and makes them permeable so it will accept stains.

Answer 4

heat fixation

Question 5

a thin film of material containing
the microorganisms is spread over the surface of the slide.

Answer 5

SMEAR

Question 6

The first step in most bacterial staining procedures

Answer 6

SMEAR PREPARATION

Question 7

Three types of staining protocol or procedures:

Answer 7

1. Simple Staining
2. Differential Staining
3. Specialized Staining

Question 8

direct staining method that uses only one stain.

Answer 8

SIMPLE STAINING

Question 9

Stains are salts composed of a positive and a negative ion, one of which is
colored and is known as the

Answer 9

chromophore.

Question 9

Simple stains can be used to determine what

Answer 9

bacterial species’ morphology and arrangement, but they do not give any additional information.

Question 10

is in the cation

Answer 10

basic dyes

Question 11

What dyes are not attracted to most types of bacteria

Answer 11

Acidic dye

Question 11

it is in the anion.

Answer 11

acidic dyes

Question 12

Uses 2 or more stains and allow the cells to be categorized into various
groups or types.

Answer 12

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

Question 13

Gram staining procedure is developed in
1884 by whom

Answer 13

Hans Christian Gram

Question 14

Used for identification or structure examination of bacteria in addition to
general morphological examination

Answer 14

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

Question 14

first stain

Answer 14

Primary Stain

Question 15

Distinguishes 2 kinds of microorganisms

Answer 15

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

Question 16

second stain

Answer 16

Counter Stain

Question 17

3 Types of Differential staining:

Answer 17

1. Gram Staining
2. Acid-fast staining
3. Endospore staining

Question 17

Gram Staining classification is based on the physical
properties of the what

Answer 17

Bacterial Cell Wall

Question 18

A type of differential staining method that distinguishes bacteria into 2 groups

Answer 18

Gram Staining

Question 19

referred as mordant because it increases the affinity of dyes or a stain for smear

Answer 19

Iodine/Gram’s Iodine

Question 20

primary stain used in gram staining

Answer 20

Crystal Violet

Question 20

referred as decolorizing agent that remove stain from the specimen in gram staining

Answer 20

Alcohol

Question 21

counterstain in gram staining

Answer 21

Safranin

Question 22

Thick peptidoglycan walls

Answer 22

Gram positive

Question 23

Thin peptidoglycan walls

Answer 23

Gram negative

Question 24

Gram negative or Gram Positive Alcohol Cannot wash out the dye-mordant complex

Answer 24

Gram positive

Question 25

GN OR GP cell wall is 20 - 80 nanometers

Answer 25

Gram Positive

Question 25

Gram negative or Gram Positive Alcohol Can easily wash out the dye-mordant complex

Answer 25

Gram Negative

Question 26

GN OR GP cell wall single layered, smooth cell wall

Answer 26

Gram Positive

Question 27

GN OR GP cell wall double layered, wavy cell wall

Answer 27

Gram Negative

Question 27

GN OR GP cell wall is 8-10 nanometers

Answer 27

Gram Negative

Question 28

GN OR GP can be multilayered peptidoglycan layer

Answer 28

Gram Positive

Question 29

GN OR GP often single layered peptidoglycan wall

Answer 29

Gram Negative

Question 29

GN OR GP Has teichoic acids

Answer 29

Gram Positive

Question 30

GN OR GP Has teichoic acids

Answer 30

Gram Negative

Question 31

GN OR GP Has lipopolysaccharides

Answer 31

Gram Negative

Question 32

GN OR GP Lipid content is very low

Answer 32

Gram Positive

Question 33

GN OR GP Has no lipopolysaccharides

Answer 33

Gram Positive

Question 34

GN OR GP Outer membrane is not present

Answer 34

Gram Positive

Question 35

GN OR GP Outer membrane is mostly present

Answer 35

Gram Negative

Question 36

GN OR GP Lipid content is 20-30%

Answer 36

Gram Negative

Question 37

GN OR GP Very susceptible to antibiotics

Answer 37

Gram Positive

Question 38

GN OR GP Very resistant to antibiotics

Answer 38

Gram Negative

Question 39

ACID FAST STAINING also called as?

Answer 39

Ziehl-Neelsen Staining

Question 40

Used to bind strongly to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls

Answer 40

Acid-fast Staining

Question 41

used to identify all bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium, including the two important pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy.

Answer 41

ACID FAST STAINING

Question 42

Acid fast or Non acid fast Blue color

Answer 42

Non-acid fast:

Question 42

also used to identify the pathogenic strains of the genus Nocardia

Answer 42

ACID FAST STAINING main aim of this staining is to differentiate bacteria into acid fast group and non-acid fast groups.

Question 43

Acid fast or Non acid fast Bright red to intensive purple (B), Red, straight or slightly curved rods, occurring singly or in small groups, may appear beaded

Answer 43

Acid fast

Question 44

used to color parts of microorganisms, such as endospores, flagella, or capsules.

Answer 44

SPECIAL STAINS

Question 45

uses heat to push the primary dye (malachite green) into the endospore.

Answer 45

Schaeffer-Fulton method

Question 45

Malachite green staining also called as?

Answer 45

(Schaeffer-Fulton method

Question 46

these are Self-assembling and protective property

Answer 46

ENDOSPORES

Question 46

the most common method used to perform endospore staining.

Answer 46

Malachite green staining

Question 47

dormant stage of some bacterium that allows it to survive conditions that would normally kill bacteria such as extreme drought or heat

Answer 47

ENDOSPORES

Question 48

What is the positive result of endospore staining

Answer 48

Positive result = spores are present (green are spores, pink vegetative cells)

Question 49

What is the negative result of endospore staining

Answer 49

Negative result= no spores present (you will only see pink vegetative cells)

Question 50

structures of locomotion too small to be seen with a light microscope without staining.

Answer 50

Bacterial flagella

Question 51

tedious and delicate staining procedure uses a mordant and the stain carbolfuchsin to build up the diameters of the flagella until they become visible under the light microscope

Answer 51

FLAGELLA STAINING

Question 52

demonstrating the presence of a capsule is a means of determining the organism’s what

Answer 52

virulence

Question 52

the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease.

Answer 52

virulence,

Question 53

to distinguish capsular material from the bacterial cell.

Answer 53

CAPSULE STAINING

Question 54

a gelatinous outer layer secreted by bacterial cell and that surrounds and adheres to the cell wall.

Answer 54

capsule

Question 55

more difficult than other types of differential staining

Answer 55

CAPSULE STAINING

Question 56

Capsule staining techniques

Answer 56

1. India Ink Method 2. Anthony's Method 3. Maneval's Method 4. Hiss Method