(Finals) MicroBio Lec Quiz 2 Flashcards by ry ry

Keeps the pathogen outside or neutralizes infection before it begins

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

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Physical factors (Skin and MM, mucus, cilia, cerumen, flow of urine, and vaginal
secretion) and Chemical factors (Perspiration, Saliva, Gastric juices, Urine,
Vaginal secretion)

▪ FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

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Slows or contains the infection when the first line of defense fails

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

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▪ Includes defensive cells (phagocytic cells), inflammation, fever, antimicrobial
substances

▪ SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

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Targets specific pathogens for destruction when second line of defense fails

▪ THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

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▪ Memory component → allows the body to effectively combat the same
pathogens in the future

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

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allows the body to effectively combat the same pathogens in the future

Memory component

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how many WBC per cubic millimeter

5000-10000

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Number of leukocyte found in the blood

WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT

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60-70% of WBC

Neutrophils

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20-25% of WBC

Lymphocytes

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3-8% of WBC

Monocytes

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2-4% of WBC

Eosinophils

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0.5-1% of WBC

Basophils

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Defense present at birth

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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▪ Rapid but non-specific

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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Response of innate system are activated by what?

Protein receptors in the plasma membrane of phagocytic cell (Toll-like receptor)

Activated by pathogenic compounds called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) (E.g. LPS, Peptidoglycan, DNA and RNA)

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No memory component

▪ INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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Slow and specific

▪ ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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▪ Memory component (rapid and stronger
response to same pathogen at a later date)

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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Binding of TLR and PAMPs create what?

Cytokines

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What is TLR, and what is its use?

TLR = Toll-like receptors

Protein receptor in plasma membrane of phagocytic cells that activates innate system

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What is PAMPs, and what is its use?

PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

Pathogenic compounds that activates the response of Innate system (trigger a host cell’s immune response)

+Examples are LPS, Peptidoglycan, RNA, and DNA

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Non-keratinized epithelial cells that lines RT, GIT, GUT

MUCUS MEMBRANE

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▪ Epidermis consist of many layer of tightly packed epithelial cells; topmost layer is dead and contains protective layer (keratin)

INTACT SKIN

▪ Washing action of the keeps microorganisms & irritating substances

▪ LACRIMAL APPARATUS

Manufactures and drains tears

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

▪ Small lid of cartilage that closes the larynx during swallowing

▪ EPIGLOTTIS

▪ Obstruction of flow

Catheterization

Tears contain this, which destroy cell walls especially of gram positive bacteria

Lysozyme

breakdown of CW of G(+) >> G (-)bacteria

Lysozyme

What chemical factor is this? ▪ Unsaturated FA + lactic acid → make the skin slightly acidic which inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms

SEBUM

What chemical factor is this? ▪ Lysozyme → breakdown of CW of G(+) >> G (-) bacteria ▪ Tears, saliva, Tissue fluid, urine

▪ PERSPIRATION

What chemical factor is this? Contains sebum, fatty acids in this specific thing inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi

▪ EARWAX

What chemical factor is this? ▪ Lysozyme, amylase, and IgA

SALIVA

What chemical factor is this? ▪ Capable of destroying bacteria and most toxins, except C. botulinum & S. aureus ▪ H. pylori neutralizes stomach acid

GASTRIC JUICES

What chemical factor is this? Lactic acid (Lactobacillus)

VAGINAL SECRETION

▪NORMAL FLORA & INNATE IMMUNITY provides resistance in 3 ways what are these ways?

▪ Competes for available space and nutrients (competitive exclusion) ▪ Produces substances that inhibits or kill pathogens ▪ Stimulates immune system development

Live microorganism that exerts beneficial effects

▪ PROBIOTICS

Chemicals that selectively promotes the growth of beneficial bacte

▪ PREBIOTICS

▪ Includes defensive cells (Basophils, Eosinophils, Mast cells, Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells) inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Basophil What is its description?

Innate Granulocyte

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Eosinophil What is its description?

Innate Granulocyte

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Mast Cell What is its description?

Innate Granulocyte

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Neutrophil What is its description?

Both Granulocyte

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Monocyte What is its description?

Both Agranulocyte

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Dendritic cell What is its description?

Both Agranulocyte (many surface projections)

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Natural Killer (NK) Cell What is its description?

Both Agranulocyte (lymphocyte)

Innate or Adaptive or Both: Plasma cell, B Cell What is its description?

Adaptive Agranulocyte (lymphocyte)

Innate or Adaptive or Both: T Cells What is its description?

Adaptive Agranulocyte (lymphocyte)

What WBC has this function? Release histamines that cause inflammation

Basophil

What WBC has this function? Recognizes antigens and produces antibodies

Plasma Cell, B Cell

What WBC has this function? Kills parasites with oxidative burst

Eosinophil

What WBC has this function? Antigen-presenting cells; produce antibacterial peptides

Mast Cell

What WBC has this function? Phagocytizes bacteria and fungi

Neutrophil

What WBC has this function? Precursor to macrophages

Monocyte

What WBC has this function? In skin and respiratory and intestinal mucosa phygocytizes bacteria nad presents antigens to T Cells

Dendritic Cell

What WBC has this function? Kills Cancer and virus infected cells

Natural Killer (NK) Cell

What WBC has this function? Secrete Cytokines

T Cells

ingestion of a microorganism/other substances by cell

PHAGOCYTOSIS

▪ Chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganism (microbial product, WBC component, cytokines, peptide from complement

▪ CHEMOTAXIS

▪ Attachment of phagocytes PM to foreign material

▪ ADHERENCE

▪ PM of phagocyte extends projection (pseudopods) surrounds the foreign material forming phagosome

▪ INGESTION

▪ Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolyososome

▪ DIGESTION

▪ PAMP + TLR or Opsonization

▪ ADHERENCE

▪ Local defensive response

▪ INFLAMMATION

Associated with certain signs and symptom

Inflammation [PIRSH (Pain, Redness, Immobilization secondary to loss of function, Swelling, Heat)]

▪ INFLAMMATION (just click)

▪ 3 FUNCTIONS ▪ Destroy injurious agent and remove its by products from the body ▪ Wall off or confine if destruction is impossible ▪ Repair/replace tissue damage

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Self-limiting

▪ ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Develops rapidly (days to weeks)

▪ ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Neutrophils/PMN

▪ ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Develops more slowly (months to years)

▪ CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Often severe and progressive

▪ CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Acute or Chronic Inflammation? ▪ Macrophages

▪ CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

What causes VASODILATION AND INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF BLOOD VESSELS

Caused by a number of mediators (Histamine)

Vasodilation → ___ Increased permeability → ____

Redness and Heat Edema

Phagocyte begins to stick to the inner surface of the endothelial lining

▪ MARGINATION

▪ Phagocyte begins to squeeze between endothelial cells

▪ DIAPEDESIS

▪ The ability to regenerate/repair depends on the type of cell/tissue

▪ TISSUE REPAIR

▪ Enhances cell of immune system in destroying microbes

COMPLIMENT SYSTEM

is the Compliment system adaptable?

NO, NOT ADAPTABLE AND NEVER CHANGING Although it can be recruited by the adaptive immune system

Compliment System destroy microbes by?

Destroy microbes by cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation

What are the 3 pathways of Compliment System?

Classical, Alternative, and Lectin pathways

▪ Formation of membrane attack complex (C5bC6C7C8C9)

CYTOLYSIS

▪ Promotes attachment of phagocyte to microbes (C3b)

OPSONIZATION

inhibits MAC formation

Salmonella, N. gonorrhea, B. pertussis, Influenzae

Histamine release (C3a, C5a) or Chemotactic factor (C5a)

INFLAMMATION

Prevents assembly of MAC

▪ CD59

▪ IFN α, β → _______ ▪ IFN γ → ______

Stimulates NK Cells Induces PMN and macrophage maturation

breaks down C5a

▪ G (+) cocci

▪ Transferrin, Lactoferrin, Ferritin, Hemoglobin

▪ IRON-BINDING PROTEINS

Dermcidin, Defensins and Cathelicidins, Thrombocins

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES