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2nd Year - 1st Sem > (Midterms) PhyPharm Lec Quiz 3 > Flashcards

(Midterms) PhyPharm Lec Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Suspensions in which the suspended particles are LARGER than molecules but too small to drop out of the suspension due to gravity

A

Colloids

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2
Q

Particle size of Colloids

A

10-2000 Angstrom

Note: 1 Angstrom = 0.1 nm

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3
Q

Father of Physical Chemistry

A

Thomas Graham

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4
Q

Two separate phases of colloidal system

A
  1. Dispersed Phase (Internal phase)
  2. Continuous Phase (Dispersion medium)
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5
Q

Dispersed Phase AKA?

A

Internal Phase

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6
Q

Continuous Phase AKA?

A

Dispersion Medium

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7
Q

What shows in suspension and colloid but does not show in solution

A
  1. Brownian motion
  2. Tyndall Effect
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8
Q

Give the 6 shapes of colloidal particles

A

a. Spheres and globules
b. Short rods and prolate ellipsoids
c. Oblate ellipsoids and flakes
d. Long rods and threads
e. Loosely coiled thread
f. Branched threads

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9
Q

Homogenous mixture is also called: (give 5)

A
  • Colloidal System
  • Colloidal Solution
  • Colloidal Dispersion
  • Colloidal Emulsion
  • Colloidal Foam
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10
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Liquid
DM - Gas

A

Liquid Aerosol

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11
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Solid
DM - Gas

A

Solid Aerosol

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12
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Gas
DM - Liquid

A

Foam

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13
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Liquid
DM - Liquid

A

Emulsion

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14
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Solid
DM - Liquid

A

Sol (colloidal dispersion or suspension)

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15
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Gas
DM - Solid

A

Solid foam

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16
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Liquid
DM - Solid

A

Gel

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17
Q

Type of Colloid:

DP - Solid
DM - Solid

A

Solid suspension

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18
Q

Lyophilic Colloids AKA

A

Emulsoids

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19
Q

Lyophobic Colloids AKA

A

Suspensoids

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20
Q

Dispersed phase has GREAT ATTRACTION for the dispersion medium

A

Lyophilic Colloids (Emulsoids)

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21
Q

Dispersed phase does not precipitate easily

A

Lyophilic Colloids (Emulsoids)

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22
Q

Sols are quite stable

A

Lyophilic Colloids (Emulsoids)

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23
Q

Sol can be reconstituted by simply remixing with the dispersion medium, these sols are called?

A

Reversible Sols

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24
Q

Dispersed phase has little affinity for the dispersion medium

A

Lyophobic Colloids (Suspensoids)

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25
Q

Easily precipitated on the addition of small amounts of electrolytes by heating or by shaking

A

Lyophobic Colloids (Suspensoids)

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26
Q

Sols are not stable

A

Lyophobic Colloids (Suspensoids)

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27
Q

Solvent-Loving

A

Lyophilic Colloids (Emulsoids)

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28
Q

Solvent-Hating

A

Lyophobic Colloids (Suspensoids)

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29
Q

Classification of colloids based on types of particles of the dispersed phase. Give the 3

A
  1. Multimolecular colloids
  2. Macromolecular colloids
  3. Associated colloids
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30
Q

Aggregates of atoms or small molecules with molecular size less than 1nm.

A

Multimolecular Colloids

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31
Q

Formed when on dissolution in a suitable solvent

A

Macromolecular Colloids

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32
Q

Example of naturally occuring macromolecules:

A

Starch, protein, cellulose

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33
Q

Examples of Man made macromolecules

A

Polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene

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34
Q

Colloids which behave as normal strong electrolytes at low concentrations but exhibit colloidal properties at higher concentrations due to the formation of aggregated particles

A

Associated Colloids (Amphiphilic)

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35
Q

The aggregated particles thus formed are called what?

A

Micelles

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36
Q

How many molecules does Micelles have

A

more than 100

(it also has a lyophilic and lyophobic part, that’s why it’s amphiphilic)

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37
Q

On dilution, these colloids revert back to individual ionns

A

Associated colloids

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38
Q

Colloid system wherein the colloid particles are dispersed in water

A

Hydrocolloids

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39
Q

True or False: Hydrocolloids can be either irreversible (single-state) or reversible

A

True

Example: Agar, can be solid, can be gel

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40
Q

What hydrocolloid is extracted from seaweed

A

Carrageenan

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41
Q

What hydrocolloid is extracted from citrus peel and apple pomace

A

Pectin

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42
Q

What hydrocolloid is extracted from bovine and fish origins

A

Gelatin

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43
Q

Hydrocolloid-based medical dressing used for wound treatment and for acne

A

Duoderm

44
Q

What are the properties of Colloids

A
  1. Optical property
  2. Kinetic property
45
Q

When light is scattered, the solution appears turbid what is this?

A

Tyndall Effect

46
Q

Capable of yielding pictures of the actual aprticles

A

Electron microscope

used to observe the size, shape, and structure of colloidal particles

47
Q

Useful in estimating particles size, shape, and interactions. Widely used for determining the molecular weight of colloids

A

Light-scattering

48
Q

Studying this property of colloid is useful in obtaining information regarding the: shape, size, structure, and molecular weight of colloids

A

Optical Property

49
Q

What are the 4 Kinetic property of Colloids

A

a. Thermally-induced motion
b. Gravitationally induced - sedimentation
c. Applied externally - viscosity
d. Electrically induced

50
Q

What are the 3 Thermally-induced motion

A
  1. Brownian Motion
  2. Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
51
Q

Colloidal particles are subject to random collision with the molecules of the dispersion medium with result that each particle shows erratic motion results from the bombardment of the particles by molecules of the dispersion meddium

A

Brownian motion

52
Q

Occurs spontaneously from a region of high concentration to low conc. until uniform

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Passage of SOLVENT into a solution through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

54
Q

As the viscosity increases, the force required to make it flow, increase or decrease?

A

Increases

55
Q

Forms dispersion of low viscosity

A

Spherocolloids

Linear particles = more viscous

56
Q

movement of a charged surface with respect to an adjacent liquid phase

A

Electrokinetic Phenomena

  1. Electrophoresis
  2. Electroosmosis
57
Q

Phenomenon of movement of colloidal particles under an applied electric field

A

Electrophoresis

if particles accumulate near negative electrode = positive
if near positive electrode = negative

58
Q

Phenomenon in which dispersion medium is allowed to move under the influence of an electrical field, whereas colloidal particles are not allowed to move

A

Electro-osmosis

59
Q

Impurities that can be removed by filtration method

A

Insoluble impurties

60
Q

Impurities that can be removed by means of membrane with pore openings smaller than the colloidal particles

A

Soluble impurities

61
Q

Purification of sols can be accomplished by three methods, what are these 3 methods?

A
  1. Dialysis
  2. Electrodialysis
  3. Ultrafiltration
61
Q

If the low molecular-weight impurities to be removed
are electrolytes

A

Electrodialysis

62
Q

A technique of separation of colloidal particles from molecular particles, uses a semipermeable membrane, the pore size of which will prevent the passage of colloidal
particles but will permit small particles or molecules such as urea, glucose, sodium chloride

A

Dialysis

63
Q

the dialysis can be speeded
up by applying an electric potential to the sol which
produces

A

Electrolysis

64
Q

When a sol is placed in a compartment closed by a dialysis membrane and pressure is applied, the liquid and small molecules are forced through the membrane while the colloidal particles are retained

A

Ultrafiltration

65
Q

Colloids used in the treatment of cancer

A

Colloidal copper

66
Q

2 Properties of Suspended particles:

A
  1. Floculate
  2. Aggregate
66
Q

a coarse dispersion in which insoluble solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium

A

Suspensions

66
Q

3 Types of Coarse dispersions

A
  1. Suspensions
  2. Emulsions
  3. Semisolids
67
Q

3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SUSPENSIONS

A
  1. Orally administered mixtures
  2. Externally applied suspensions
  3. Injectable preparations
68
Q

Particles settle rapidly do not form a cake, and are easily resuspended

A

Flocculate

69
Q

particles settle slowly and eventually form a sediment in which aggregation occurs with the resultant formation of a hard cake that is difficult to resuspend

A

Aggregate

70
Q

Particles held together by stronger forces.

A

Aggregate

71
Q

Formation of light, fluffy conglomerates that are held together by weak Van der Waals forces.

A

Flocculate

72
Q

Factors that Influence the Velocity of Sedimentation:

A

a.) Theory of Sedimentation Stokes Equation
b.) Effect of Brownian Movement
c.) Sedimentation of Flocculated Particles

73
Q

Pseudoplastic or plastic in nature, act by entrapping the particles so that, ideally, no
settling occurs

A

Structured vehicles

74
Q

Suspension qualities:

A

a.) Flow readily from the container
b.) Possess a uniform distribution of particles in each dose.

75
Q

What angle should you observe that the powder makes
with the surface of the liquid

A

90 degrees

(Wetting of Particles)

76
Q

What can be added to enhance wettability

A

Surfactants

77
Q

defined as the condition in which the particles do not aggregate and in which they remain uniformly distributed throughout the dispersion.

A

Physical stability of suspensions

78
Q

Stability of Suspension may be reduced by:

A

a.) Particle aggregation
b.) Particle growth
c.) Interaction with excipients

78
Q

Methods determining the type of Emulsions:

small quantity of a water-soluble dye such as methylene blue or brilliant blue may be dusted on the surface of the emulsion.

A

Dye Method

79
Q

Enumerate the types of Emulsions

A

a. Oil-in-water emulsion
b. Water-in-oil emulsion

(a.) Oil-in-water emulsion – the oil phase is dispersed as
globules throughout an aqueous continuous phase.

b.) Water-in-oil emulsion – the oil phase serves as the
continuous phase.)

79
Q

thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as globules (dispersed phase) in the other liquid phase (continuous phase), stabilized by the presence of an emulsifying agent

A

Emulsions

80
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSIONS

A

a.) Dye Method
b.) Dilution Test Method
c.) Conductivity Test Method

81
Q

Methods determining the type of Emulsions:

If o/w type – the dye will dissolve and uniformly diffuse throughout the water.
If w/o type – the particles of dye will lie in clumps on the surface.

A

Dye Method

82
Q

Methods determining the type of Emulsions:

If the emulsion mixes freely with the water, it is o/w type.

A

Dilution Test Method

83
Q

Methods determining the type of Emulsions:

If o/w type, a current will pass through the emulsion.
If w/o type, the emulsion fails to carry the current

A

Conductivity Test Method

84
Q

involves the change of emulsion type from o/w to w/o or vice versa.

A

Phase inversion

85
Q

formation of lumps

A

Flocculation

86
Q

lack of uniformity of drug distribution.

A

Creaming

87
Q

If the dispersed phase is less dense than the continuous phase, which is generally the case of o/w emulsions, the velocity of sedimentation becomes negative, this is a?

A

upward creaming results

88
Q

particles gather together

A

Coalescence

89
Q

If the dispersed phase is heavier than the continuous phase, the globules settle – common in w/o emulsions – known as

A

creaming in a downward direction.

90
Q

Which is reversible, and which is irreversible: Creaming and Breaking

A

Creaming - reversible
Breaking - irreversible

91
Q

A moderately coarse dispersion of uniformed-size particles have the best stability.

A

TAKE NOTE OF THAT!!!

92
Q

Viscosity alone does not produce stable emulsions; however, viscous emulsions may be more stable than mobile ones by virtue of the retardation of flocculation and coalescence.

A

TAKE NOTE OF THAT!!!

93
Q

Gels may contain water

A

Hydrogels

94
Q

is a solid or semisolid system of at least two constituents, consisting of a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid

A

Gel

95
Q

the product when the coherent matrix is rich in liquid.

A

Jelly

95
Q

Gels containing organic liquids

A

Organogels

96
Q

when the liquid is removed and only the framework remains.

A

Xerogel

97
Q

the liberation of oil or water from ointment bases results from a deficient gel structure rather than from the contraction involved in syneresis.

A

Bleeding

97
Q

the taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume. The opposite of syneresis

A

Swelling

97
Q

the phenomenon when a gel stands for sometime, it often shrinks naturally, and some of its liquid is pressed out.

A

Syneresis

98
Q

gels taking up a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase in volume

A

Imbibition

2nd Year - 1st Sem (15 decks)

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