Practice

Question 1

During an experiment, the experimenter gives you three words: seven/ jog/ sculpture and asks you to come up with a single association to link these words. What is this task called?

a. Stroop Task
b. Remote Association Task
c. Implicit Association Task
d. Alternative Uses Task
e. Nine-dot problem

Answer 1

b. Remote Association Task

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true for insight problem solving?

a. It is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
b. It recruits the same brain regions as non-insight problem solving
c. It is voluntary, so, you can plan it
d. A Gestalt switch is characteristic of insight problems.

Answer 2

d. A Gestalt switch is characteristic of insight problems.

Question 3

A problem space includes:

a. Initial and goals states
b. Accidental discoveries
c. Constrains
d. Production line
e. All of the above.
f. A&C

Answer 3

f. A&C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of surface similarity?

a. Lauri and Jonas have similar haircuts
b. Lauri and Jonas go to the same hairdresser
c. Lauri and Jonas have similar tattoos
d. Lauri and Jonas both wear blue T-shirts

Answer 4

b. Lauri and Jonas go to the same hairdresser

Question 5

Which of the following statements is TRUE for the framing effect?

a. People are risk-seeking when the options are described as gains
b. People are risk-seeking when the options are described as losses
c. People are risk-averse when the options are described as losses
d. People are risk-averse when the options are described as gains
e. B & C
f. None of the above

Answer 5

e. B & C

Question 6

Which of the following is the false belief that the likelihood of two conditions occurring together (e.g., being a feminist and being a bank teller) is more likely than either of the single conditions alone (e.g., just being a bank teller)?

a. Base Rate Neglect
b. Representative Heuristic
c. Conjunction Fallacy
d. Availability Heuristic
e. None of the above

Answer 6

c. Conjunction Fallacy

Question 7

You are completing a math problem and can feel when you are getting close to the solution. This problem is likely:

a. an insight problem.
b. a non-insight problem.
c. structurally blind.
d. functionally fixed

Answer 7

b. a non-insight problem.

Question 8

Harvard is older than McGill, and McGill is older than Concordia. This represents what kind of relationship?

a. two-term series problem.
b. emergent.
c. tri-relational.
d. transitive.

Answer 8

d. transitive.

Question 9

Which is the most widely accepted test of general intelligence?

a. The Wason test.
b. Raven’s Matrices.
c. Spearman test.
d. Remote associations test

Answer 9

a. The Wason test.

Question 10

The zone of proximal development refers to one’s ability to:
a. solve a problem with adult or peer guidance.
b. develop a capability only if exposed to particular environmental stimuli during
that period.
c. form relations among concepts to promote creative thinking.
d. develop faster in the presence of equally capable peers rather than alone.

Answer 10

a. solve a problem with adult or peer guidance.

Question 11

Which is an example of a superordinate level of concept?

a. apple
b. car
c. avacado
d. tool

Answer 11

d. tool

Question 12

What is the difference between concreteness and vividness?

a. Concreteness has to do with experience by the senses; vividness has to do with semblance to percepts.
b. Vividness has to do with experience by the senses; concreteness has to do with semblance to percepts.
c. Concreteness has to do with how easily one can imagine something; vividness has to do with the intensity of the image.
d. Vividness has to do with how easily one can imagine something; concreteness has to do with the intensity of the image.

Answer 12

a. Concreteness has to do with experience by the senses; vividness has to do with semblance to percepts.

Question 13

You come home late from work one evening. As you enter your house, you turn on the light in your living room. However, as soon as you turn on the light, the lightbulb burns out and the room is completely dark again. Your memory of what the room looked like is an example of __________ .

a. implicit memory
b. working memory
c. false memory
d. iconic memory

Answer 13

d. iconic memory

Question 14

Which of the following statement about flashbulb memories is false?
a. Flashbulb memories are exact recordings of events
b. Emotional aspects of the event in the memory are less consistently recalled across
time for flashbulb memories compared to regular memories
c. Emotional aspects of the event in the memory are more consistently recalled across
time for flashbulb memories compared to regular memories
d. Both a and b are false
e. Both a and c are false

Answer 14

e. Both a and c are false

Question 15

The phenomenon where adults are unable to recollect episodic memories between the ages of 2 and 7 years old is known as __________ .

a. Childhood amnesia
b. Retrograde amnesia
c. Anterograde amnesia
d. Fugue state

Answer 15

a. Childhood amnesia

Question 16

Your best friend is bilingual – she speaks both French and English. As a consequence of being bilingual, she has more than one word to express the same concept. This is known
as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ .
a. Cognates
b. Translation equivalent
c. Interlingual homographs
d. None of the above

Answer 16

b. Translation equivalent

Question 17

There are 2 types of thinking aloud procedures. __________ is when you describe what you are doing as you are doing it. __________ is when you describe what you did at an earlier time. Out of the two, __________ is more likely to be influenced by metacogntive processes.

a. Concurrent verbalization; retrospective verbalizations; concurrent verbalization
b. Retrospective verbalizations; concurrent verbalization; retrospective verbalizations
c. Concurrent verbalization; retrospective verbalizations; retrospective verbalizations
d. None of the above

Answer 17

c. Concurrent verbalization; retrospective verbalizations; retrospective verbalizations

Question 18

Your sister already has 2 daughters and is pregnant again. She is about to find out whether she will be having a son or daughter. You bet that she will be having a son since she already has 3 daughters. This is an example of __________ .

a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Gambler’s fallacy
d. Syllogistic reasoning

Answer 18

c. Gambler’s fallacy

Question 19

Sara asks Todd to describe to her the place where he lives at. Todd thinks for a second, then he starts describing things “as they come to mind”. He tells her he “lives in a bright apartment, there is a big window, from that window he can see a Bagel shop, and boy does he likes Bagels” etc. This is an example of:

a. Spreading Activation
b. Uninhibited default network
c. Semantic knowledge retrieval
d. Action Slip
e. Fairmount Fallacy

Answer 19

a. Spreading Activation

Question 20

Sally is at a party when Cecile asks her for her number. Cecile repeats the number out loud, as not to forget it. However, the next day Cecile can not remember Sally’s number at all. Why?

a. The noise level at the party interfered with the visuospatial sketchpad of her working memory
b. Numbers can only be remembered when they are written down, not when they are verbally repeated.
c. By reciting the number Cecile kept the information in her working-memory, however it never transferred to her long-term memory
d. Information is only retained when it is recited several times, using different means, such as verbal as well visual information

Answer 20

c. By reciting the number Cecile kept the information in her working-memory, however it never transferred to her long-term memory

Question 21

Eugene cannot remember where he parked his car last night. He aimlessly wanders around his neighbourhood to no avail. On his way home, still frustrated and not paying attention, he stops at a red light; now he remembers! His friend Ben had borrowed the car! What just happened?

a. Not knowing where he parked his car is an example failed implicit memory
b. Intuitively stopping at a red light is an example of implicit memory
c. Suddenly remembering that his friend had borrowed his car is a sign of insight
d. Wandering around the neighbourhood had activated semantic networks

Answer 21

b. Intuitively stopping at a red light is an example of implicit memory

Question 22

Sonia and Collin are out for Brunch. Sonia proposes a bet, she says that the waiter will remember their order as long as he has not delivered it, but once he has he will forget. Collin takes the bet not knowing that Sonia is very well aware:

a. That people remember uncompleted tasks better than completed tasks
b. That waiters have a superior short-term memory
c. That waiters use the rule-of-7 to remember order
d. Aneotic memory is retrieved differently than autonoetic memory
e. That implicit knowledge of information is retained better under stress

Answer 22

a. That people remember uncompleted tasks better than completed tasks

Question 23

Kristina likes to focus on one task at the time. She knows that tasks-switching comes at a cost. As she explains, this might be due to the fact that …

a. Attention is a limited resource
b. It is cognitively effortful to disengage from a top-down process
c. Parallel mental activity will lead to mind-wandering
d. Attentional blinks occur every time we try to focus on a different, new thing
e. Kristina is wrong, multitasking is just as productive as focusing on a single task

Answer 23

b. It is cognitively effortful to disengage from a top-down process

Question 24

approaches below can contribute to how scientists carry out cognitive science-related research?

a. Metacognitive analysis
b. Incorporating ecologically valid variables into experimental tasks
c. Analyzing experimental data based on introspective feedback
d. A, B and C
e. B and C

Answer 24

d. A, B and C

Question 25

2. You are curious about plasticity in the human brain, and would like to test the validity of Lashley’s law of equipotentiality. You are interested in how loss of a certain part of brain tissue influences a specific function. Which pair from the cognitive science toolbox should you use to test the validity of Lashley’s law most appropriately? a. Eye tracking & PET imaging in an animal model b. Lesion study in an animal model & fMRI imaging c. Skin conductance response in an animal model & Morris water maze d. Severing the corpus callosum in an animal model & fMRI imaging

Answer 25

b. Lesion study in an animal model & fMRI imaging

Question 26

3. According to Waugh and Norman’s model of information processing, how can you access information stored in your secondary memory? a. Through introspection b. Through information pickup c. Through rehearsal d. Through isomorphism

Answer 26

c. Through rehearsal

Question 27

4. What school of thinking is responsible for shifting the focus from human to animal based research? a. Behaviorism b. Structuralism c. Epiphenomenalism d. Isomorphism

Answer 27

a. Behaviorism

Question 28

1. Visual perception involves a complex network of neurons and brain areas. Which option below contains incorrect information about the visual perceptual system? a. Cones are found mostly in the fovea b. Information from the eyes to the brain is compressed c. Information from the eyes arrives contralaterally to the brain d. The primary visual cortex processes is involved in early visual processing

Answer 28

d. The primary visual cortex processes is involved in early visual processing

Question 29

2. Pick the odd one. a. The gold/blue dress b. Change blindness c. Word superiority effect d. Backward masking

Answer 29

Answer: B (because it shows interaction between attention and vision, the others show interaction between context and vision)

Question 30

3. What is the name of condition that makes one see ‘meaningful’ images in a collection of meaningless visual stimuli? a. Apophenia b. Prosopagnosia c. Optic ataxia d. Achromatopsia

Answer 30

Answer: A

Question 31

4. Fill in the blanks appropriately: Object recognition takes place in a _______ fashion in the late stages of visual perception. The two main pathways through which information processing takes place are the __________ and the __________ pathways. a. Serial; dorsal, ventral b. Parallel, dorsal, parahippocampal place area c. Parallel; dorsal, ventral d. Serial; fusiform face area, ventral

Answer 31

Answer: C

Question 32

Rees et al. ran a study where they had participants in a scanner watching distracting visual stimuli while being instructed to either detect a louder voice (low auditory load) or detect a two-syllable word among 1 to 3 syllable words (high auditory load). What were the results of this study? a) Participants were better in the low auditory load condition, which provides evidence for the central resource capacity theory b) Participants were better in the high auditory load condition, which provides evidence for the multiple resource capacity theory c) Participants were equally good at both tasks, which provides evidence for the multiple resource capacity theory d) Participants were equally good at both tasks, which provides evidence for the central resource capacity theory

Answer 32

c

Question 33

Maylor & Lavie ran a study where they had participants identify a letter out of many others on a screen. They found that as they increased the number of letters on the screen: a) All participants got slower b) All participants got faster c) Older participants got consistently faster while younger participants consistently got slower d) Older participants got consistently slower while younger participants got consistently faster

Answer 33

b

Question 34

You are reading a heavy scientific article (high cognitive load) at a café with your friend, who is flipping through a pop-culture magazine (low cognitive load). A fly starts buzzing around your table. You: a) Notice is immediately, because the article is too difficult to focus on, whereas your friend doesn't notice it b) Don't notice it, because all of your attention is being used up by the article, whereas your friend notices it immediately c) Don't notice it, because all of your attention is being used up by the article, and your friend doesn't notice it either d) Notice it immediately, because the article is too difficult to focus on, and your friend notices it too

Answer 34

b

Question 35

These regions of the brain have been associated with top-down attention processing: a) the ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex b) the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex c) the ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex d) the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex

Answer 35

b

Question 36

Say you are conducting an experiment using a classic "Flanker task". What would you expect to see in your participants? a) A longer time to identify "Barack Obama" as a politician when his name is flanked with Justin Timberlake's face b) A longer time to identify "Barack Obama" as a politician when his name is flanked with Justin Trudeau's face c) A shorter time to identify "Barack Obama" as a politician when his name is flanked with Justin Timberlake's face d) A shorter time to identify "Barack Obama" as a politician when his name is flanked with Justin Trudeau's face

Answer 36

a

Question 37

1. Martino and Marks distinguish between strong and weak forms of synesthesia. What’s term below describes the phenomenon by which people experience weak forms of synesthesia? a. Concurrent effect b. Cross-modal effect c. Chromesthesia d. Eidetic effect

Answer 37

b. Cross-modal effect

Question 38

2. Mental rotation is a non-linguistic cognitive process. What information below is incorrect regarding these processes? a. Mental rotation can involve imagining an object in motion b. Mental rotation can involve viewing the same object from different angles c. Mental rotation is localized in the right hemisphere d. Depending on task complexity, mental rotation can engage both hemispheres

Answer 38

Answer: C

Question 39

3. Choose the option that completes the blanks correctly: Eidetic images are similar to iconic images in that they _______ after the image is removed. Both synesthesia and eidetic imagery are examples of ___________ a. Persist - Cognitive Differentiation b. Disappear - Concurrents c. Disappear - Mental Scanning d. Persist - Cognitive Dedifferentiation

Answer 39

d. Persist - Cognitive Dedifferentiation

Question 40

4. You are determined to convince your friend that different sensory domains can interact with one another. Which example below should you not use to make your point? a. That people with amusia might have deficits in multimodal imagery b. That synesthesia can aid memory for specific pitches in music c. That some people experience seeing a color in response to an auditory stimulus d. That some people judge that sunlight is louder than moonlight

Answer 40

b. That synesthesia can aid memory for specific pitches in music

Question 41

How do high performing older adults make up for lost capacities due to cognitive aging? a. Where lower performing older adults only use their left PFC, higher performing older adults also recruit their right PFC. b. Where lower performing older adults only use their right PFC, higher performing older adults also recruit their left PFC. c. Where lower performing older adults only use a small proportion of their right PFC, higher performing older adults recruit a larger area. d. Where lower performing older adults only use a small proportion of their left PFC, higher performing older adults recruit a larger area.

Answer 41

b. Where lower performing older adults only use their right PFC, higher performing older adults also recruit their left PFC.

Question 42

In “Memory Hackers”, Dr. Nader talked about his research on memory reconsolidation in rats. What were his findings? a. He found that when memories were recalled in rats, it was impossible to modify them. b. He found that when memories were recalled in rats, they could be manipulated thanks to a drug but not fully erased. c. He found that when memories were recalled in rats, they could be seemingly completely erased thanks to a drug. d. He found that memories could be manipulated or erased thanks to a drug even without recalling the memory

Answer 42

c. He found that when memories were recalled in rats, they could be seemingly completely erased thanks to a drug.

Question 43

As we learned in class, forgetting is not only a flaw of memory; it can have many benefits. Who of the following people would benefit most from forgetting? a. Linda, a woman with a high IQ. b. Suzie, an elderly woman. c. Billy, a boy with HSAM. d. Chad, a depressed man with retrograde amnesia.

Answer 43

c. Billy, a boy with HSAM.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true? a. Flashbulb memories are a special type of memories that last longer and are more accurate b. Flashbulb memories will retain their emotional content but not their perceptual content over time c. Flashbulb memories require either surprise or consequence to be formed d. All of these statements are false

Answer 44

d. All of these statements are false

Question 45

1. Two vegan friends have been arguing over whether mangoes or liches are most representative of tropical fruits. What is the root cause of their disagreement? a. They have different opinions on the horizontal dimension of the category because membership is graded b. They have different opinions on the vertical dimension of the category because membership is graded c. They have similar opinions on the horizontal dimension of the category because membership is absolute d. They have similar opinions on the vertical dimension of the category because membership is absolute

Answer 45

a. They have different opinions on the horizontal dimension of the category because membership is graded

Question 46

2. Our colleagues in the social sciences have been advocating for intersectional politics for a long time. They argue that individuals have various identities that are interconnected. Based on the different forms of concepts you learned in class, what two types below best represent intersectional politics? a. Disjunctive and relational concept b. Conjunctive and relational concept c. Conjunctive and disjunctive concept d. Disjunctive and biconditional concept

Answer 46

b. Conjunctive and relational concept

Question 47

3. The Kennett et al. study (2014) studied the link between creativity and concepts. Which option below describes their findings accurately? a. Low creative ability is paralleled by more fuzziness between category boundaries b. High creative ability involves fewer instances of ad-hoc category formation c. Low creative ability is less evident in the superordinate category levels d. High creative ability is linked to broader concept networks

Answer 47

d. High creative ability is linked to broader concept networks

Question 48

4. Which below is not a double-function word? a. Warm b. Cold c. Serial d. Rough

Answer 48

c. Serial

Question 49

5. The Calvo-Merino et al. (2005) study involved showing ballet and capoeira dancers both styles of dance in an fMRI scanner. Which option below summarizes the study’s findings accurately? a. Experts can simulate movement concepts they are not familiar with the most b. Experts can simulate movement concepts they are familiar with the most c. The brain activity of ballet and capoeira dancers showed no differences d. The brain activity of ballet and capoeira dancers was so different that the study was inconclusive

Answer 49

b. Experts can simulate movement concepts they are familiar with the most

Question 50

1. Bilingual individuals differ from monolingual individuals in various ways. What option below outlines the acquisition profile accurately? a. Acquisition profile is related to when the two languages are learned, and can be simultaneous or parallel b. Acquisition profile is related to when the two languages are learned, and can be simultaneous or sequential c. Acquisition profile is related to the ease with which individuals speak the two languages, and can be balanced or asymmetric d. Acquisition profile is related to the ease with which individuals speak the two languages, and can be balanced or bottom-up

Answer 50

b. Acquisition profile is related to when the two languages are learned, and can be simultaneous or sequential

Question 51

2. Fill in the blanks appropriately: Wernicke’s aphasia results from a damage to the _______, whereas Broca’s aphasia results from a damage to ________. a. Superior temporal lobe; left inferior frontal gyrus b. Inferior temporal lobe: right inferior frontal gyrus c. Right prefrontal cortex; left prefrontal cortex d. Fusiform area; ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 51

a. Superior temporal lobe; left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 52

3. What language impairment results in the person reading words letter-by-letter? a. Phonological dyslexia b. Surface dyslexia c. Neologism d. Conduction aphasia

Answer 52

b. Surface dyslexia

Question 53

4. Your friend who’s taking English classes asked you where the nearest ‘water trunk’ was on the Arts basement floor. Unsure about what they meant, you ask them to clarify their question. After they tell you that they were thinking of an elephant’s trunk through which the water moves, you realize that they were asking for the nearest water fountain! What kind of paraphasia did your friend commit? a. Phonemic paraphasia b. Syntactic paraphasia c. Morphemic paraphasia d. Verbal paraphasia

Answer 53

d. Verbal paraphasia

Question 54

1. Which of the following is NOT a criteria for coding the alternative uses task? a. Fluency b. Originality c. Relevance d. Flexibility

Answer 54

c. Relevance

Question 55

2. Which of the following statements is false? a. Creativity resulting from blind variation is a product of trial-and-error b. The Zeigarnik effect explains why your waiter forgets your order as soon as he places it c. Penicillin was discovered after decades of trial-and-error research on benzyl groups d. The GPS was the very first computer simulation of problem solving behavior in humans

Answer 55

c. Penicillin was discovered after decades of trial-and-error research on benzyl groups

Question 56

Vartanian and Goel (2005) ran a study where participants were scanned while they solved ill-defined vs well-defined anagrams. What were their main findings? a. Greater activity in the left lateral PFC for ill-defined anagrams compared to well-defined anagrams because ill-defined problems carry a greater “cognitive load” b. Greater activity in the left lateral PFC for well-defined anagrams compared to ill-defined anagrams because well-defined problems carry a greater “cognitive load” c. Greater activity in the right lateral PFC for well-defined anagrams compared to well-defined anagrams because well-defined problems carry a greater “cognitive load” d. Greater activity in the right lateral PFC for ill-defined anagrams compared to ill-defined anagrams because ill-defined problems carry a greater “cognitive load”

Answer 56

d. Greater activity in the right lateral PFC for ill-defined anagrams compared to ill-defined anagrams because ill-defined problems carry a greater “cognitive load”

Question 57

Metcalfe and Wiebe did a series of experiments where they gave participants both verbal insight and non-insight math problems to participants. What were their results? a. Warmth of insight problems was more sudden than non-insight problems and ‘feeling-of-knowing’ did not predict insight problem solving ability b. Warmth of insight problems was more sudden than non-insight problems and ‘feeling-of-knowing’ did not predict either insight problem solving or non-insight problem solving ability c. Warmth of insight problems was more sudden than non-insight problems and ‘feeling-of-knowing’ predicted non-insight problem solving ability d. A & C

Answer 57

d. A & C

Question 58

Which of the following things have not been advanced as a possible cause for the Flynn effect? a) Better caloric intake b) Technological advancements c) Better mathematics curricula d) All of the above have been cited as a possible cause for the Flynn effect

Answer 58

d) All of the above have been cited as a possible cause for the Flynn effect

Question 59

2) “Encoding the various aspects of a problem situation, comparing the different parts of the problem, and generating the appropriate response” represent which of Sternberg’s components of successful intelligence? a) Performance components b) Metacomponents c) Knowledge acquisition components d) Knowledge comprehension component

Answer 59

a) Performance components

Question 60

Caucasian babies are sometimes born with their skin looking a little yellow but later turn back to beige. To explain this phenomenon, you call this new semi-permanent colour “yeige” for yellow and beige. What kind of concept have you just created? a) An entrenched concept b) An innate concept c) A non-innate concept d) A non-entrenched concept

Answer 60

d) A non-entrenched concept

Question 61

You believe to have discovered a new type of intelligence: Feline intelligence. Humans with high feline intelligence seem to unexplainably be able to understand and read the minds of cats of all sizes. This type of intelligence has spawned highly talented individuals and it has a unique developmental history, however, that is all. What is Howard Gardner likely to tell you when you discuss your findings with him? a) “This field has shown no prodigies - it cannot be a subtype of intelligence!” b) “This field has no symbol system to represent what we know of the field - it cannot be a subtype of intelligence!” c) “This field cannot objectively identify its experts - it cannot be a subtype of intelligence!” d) “This field seems to be a new subtype of intelligence!”

Answer 61

b) “This field has no symbol system to represent what we know of the field - it cannot be a subtype of intelligence!”

Question 62

Intro: The amount of information provided by a given event is also known as a ________.

Answer 62

bit

Question 63

Intro: Webster and Thompson (1953) used a ________ to demonstrate that when two auditory messages occur simultaneously, the amount of interference between them depends on the amount of information they each convey.

Answer 63

dichotic listening task

Question 64

Intro: It was the thinker named ________ who argued that the stimuli used by information-processing psychologists in their experiments were often impoverished compared to the information available in the real world.

Answer 64

gibson

Question 65

Intro: The new research area called cognitive ________ links real-world observations with lab research.

Answer 65

ethology

Question 66

Cog Neuro: The area of the brain that is responsible for processing the meaning of words is called ________, and the area of the brain that is responsible for producing speech is called ________.

Answer 66

Wernicke's area; Broca's area

Question 67

Cog Neuro: One problem with using ________ imaging is that it mixes a radioactive substance with blood to detect blood flow, and there are limits to the amount of radiation to which a participant may be exposed.

Answer 67

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 68

Perception: According to the pandemonium model, there are three levels involved in pattern recognition: on the bottom level a pattern of ________ are represented; the next level consists of ________; and on the top level is a ________.

Answer 68

features; cognitive demons; decision demon

Question 69

Perception: A person who mistakes a coat-rack for a hat most likely has visual ________.

Answer 69

agnosia

Question 70

Perception: Spatial aspects of visual information are processed in the ________ pathway while the visual characteristics of visual information are processed in the ________ pathway .

Answer 70

dorsal; ventral

Question 71

Attention: Listening to two simultaneous messages while repeating only one of them is called a ________ task.

Answer 71

shadowing

Question 72

Attention: The increase in reaction time to a target at a cued location at long SOA intervals is called ________.

Answer 72

inhibition of return

Question 73

Attention: After making tea, Lisa accidentally puts the tea tin in the fridge and the milk in the cupboard. Lisa has committed a(n) ________, which tend to occur during ________.

Answer 73

action slip; parallel mental activity/mind-wandering

Question 74

Memory: The subdivision of declarative memory that handles temporally dated, spatially located, and personally experienced events or episodes is ________ memory

Answer 74

episodic

Question 75

Imagery: The ________ is the idea that a mental image embodies the essential relationships of the thing it represents.

Answer 75

analog form of representation hypothesis

Question 76

Imagery: The method of loci and special places strategy are both examples of ________.

Answer 76

mnemonic techniques

Question 77

Memory: The "active mass of organized past reactions" is what Bartlett meant by the term ________.

Answer 77

schema

Question 78

Memory: Based on the results of the Brown and Kulik's study on flashbulb memories of the events of 11 September 2001, flashbulb events reliably enhance the ________ and ________ of our memories but not the ________.

Answer 78

vividness; confidence; accuracy

Question 79

Memory: Ebbinghaus proposed several effects related to forgetting. The _______ effect suggests that forgetting occurs less when studying at different intervals

Answer 79

spacing effect

Question 80

Memory: One means of testing the effects of priming is a ________ task, in which participants are presented with a letter string and asked to indicate whether or not it constitutes a word.

Answer 80

lexical decision

Question 81

Concepts: Canadian citizenship is a ________ concept in that there are three ways of acquiring it.

Answer 81

disjunctive

Question 82

Concepts: If you are using the concept formation strategy of selecting instances that vary from the first positive instance in more than one attribute, you are using ________.

Answer 82

focus gambling

Question 83

Concepts: The principle of ________ refers to the constant effort to balance two opposing tendencies: towards differentiation and simplification.

Answer 83

cognitive economy

Question 84

Language: Chomsky argued that ________ grammars are too simple to underlie the complexity of natural languages.

Answer 84

finite state

Question 85

Language: From Chomsky's perspective, the existence of ________ in language illustrates why we need to make a distinction between deep and surface structure: the same ________ structure can be derived from different ________ structures.

Answer 85

ambiguity; surface; deep

Question 86

Language: ________ is an impairment in the ability to read. ________ affects only the ability to recognize words as entire units, whereas ________ affects only the ability to read letter-by-letter.

Answer 86

Dyslexia; Surface dyslexia; phonological dyslexia

Question 87

Problem solving: Our tendency to respond inflexibly to a particular type of problem is known as the ________. This should not be confused with ________ or our "quasi-need" to finish incomplete tasks.

Answer 87

Einstellung effect; Zeigarnik effect

Question 88

In the problem solving lectures, you learned about ways to approach tasks either mindfully or mindlessley. To behave ________ means to actively seek new possibilities and to behave ________ means to act as if a situation has only one possible interpretation.

Answer 88

mindfully; mindlessly

Question 89

Problem solving: ________ requires a restructuring of the way in which it is represented before a solution is possible. This sudden change in the way that information is organized is known as a ________.

Answer 89

An insight problem; Gestalt switch

Question 90

Problem solving can be solved by insight. The ________ refers to the feeling that you will be able to solve a particular problem. The ________ refers to an awareness of incremental success. Both are examples of ________.

Answer 90

feeling of knowing; feeling of warmth; metacognition

Question 91

Reasoning: A bias that leads the teammates of a player who has just scored a series of points to let him or her take the next shot is known as ________.

Answer 91

hot-hand behaviour

Question 92

Reasoning: In syllogistic reasoning, the statement, "Some cats have sharp teeth," takes the form of a ________.

Answer 92

particular affirmative

Question 93

Reasoning: Wason's card selection task shows that ordinary people are prone to a ________ and may fail to seek to falsify a hypothesis.

Answer 93

confirmation bias

Question 94

Intelligence: According to Binet and Simon, ________ is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or lack of which is of the utmost importance for practical life.

Answer 94

intelligence

Question 95

Intelligence: ________ is the ability to think flexibly, whereas ________ consists of the things we have learned.

Answer 95

Fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

Question 96

Intelligence: Garlick noted that Spearman's concept of mental energy is not a useful concept in the context of current neuroscientific theories, and advanced the hypothesis that ________ underlies g.

Answer 96

neural plasticity