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U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

define Sensation

A

Energy from the environment is absorbed by a sensory organ (e.g., your
eyes; your ears) and converted to a neural impulse

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2
Q

define Perception

A

The sensed information (neural impulse) is interpreted as something meaningful by the brain

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3
Q

is everyone susceptible to the mcgurk effect

A

no

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4
Q

what is different between people who are and are nor susceptible to the mcgurk effect

A

¤ Compared brain activity for people who experienced the McGurk effect and those people who did not experience this effect
¤ The left superior temporal sulcus is important for audiovisual integration during speech perception and is more active for people who experienced the McGurk effect
¤ Individual differences are seen in the brain

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5
Q

what is Akinetopsia

A

World is like a series of snapshots (motion pathway (dorsal) is damaged)

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6
Q

Damage to the visual processing areas (the what pathway) of the brain that result in selective problems recognizing what

A

objects

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7
Q

what is Visual agnosia

A

Damage to the visual processing areas (the what pathway) of the brain that result in selective problems recognizing objects

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8
Q

with Visual agnosia, are brain systems intact

A

yes– Supports a dissociation between being able to see visual
features and interpreting those visual features

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9
Q

what is damaged with Visual agnosia

A

The specific area of the brain that is damaged determines which types(or features) of objects cannot be recognized
¤ Supports higher level functional specialization

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10
Q

what is Prosopagnosia

A

¤ A form of visual agnosia
¤ An inability to recognize faces while still
being able to recognize other visual objects

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11
Q

where is the damage to the brain in Prosopagnosia

A

Damage to fusiform face area

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12
Q

what are some Subtypes of Prosopagnosia

A

¤ Problem perceiving faces
¤ faces look contorted
¤ Problem attaching meaning to faces
¤ faces cannot be identified

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13
Q

what are the causes of Prosopagnosia

A

¤ Acquired (brain injury) ¤ Congenital (genetic)

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14
Q

what is Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

A failure recognizing objects due to problems perceiving objects

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15
Q

is Apperceptive visual agnosia a deficit in sensory processing

A

no
¤ Visual features can be detected
¤ The ability to copy a line drawing is intact

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16
Q

what is the main problem with Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

A problem grouping visua lfeatures into something meaningful

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17
Q

whats Associative visual agnosia

A

An inability to associate visual forms (what you see) with the intended meaning (Inability to determine if an visual object is a possible or impossible object such as a lion with wings)

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18
Q

with Associative visual agnosia, cannot access memories of objects leads to problems such as

A

¤ Drawing objects from memory ¤ Naming objects

¤ Indicating the functions objects

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19
Q

do illusions provide evidence for topdown or bottom up processing

A

Evidence that top-down processing support vision¤ Since information is lost as it moves from the eyes to the brain, we
have to use pre-existing knowledge to help guess what you are seeing ¤ Schemas or Heuristics

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20
Q

was JJ Gibson against or for the idea of top down processes needed for vision

A

Against the idea that ‘top-down’ processes are

needed for perception

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21
Q

what did JJ Gibson argue

A

Argued that there is enough information in our visual environment to perceive
¤ We don’t have to ‘transform’ sensory information

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22
Q

what approach did jj gibson take to perception

A

A passive bottom-up approach to perception

¤ Information from the visual environment (the bottom – light arrays) guides perception

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23
Q

what are Gibson’s View: Two points

A

¤ Information that directs perception (cues) is in real-world environment, so perception must be studied in the real world
¤ The match between a person’s action and the environment will determine perception

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24
Q

gibson believed “Cues in the ‘optic array’ (visual input) determine what we see” what are the 3 main optic array

A

¤ Texture gradients
¤ Topological breakages
¤ Scatter-reflection (i.e., how widely light scatters)

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25
Q

explain Texture gradients

A

The density of a texture (gradient) carries information about orientation and distance of an object
¤ In this ‘rug’, the circles that appear closer together (denser) are those that are farther apart

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26
Q

explain Topological breakages

A

¤ When two textures intersect
¤ Discontinuity
¤ Signals edges between objects
¤ Important for defining objects

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27
Q

explain Scatter reflection

A

How widely light scatters off an object’s surface provides cues about the nature of the objects surface

Smooth surface: Light is less scattered
Rough surfaces: Light will scatter more widely

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28
Q

Gibson’s View: Perception and action interact, explain this

A

We perceive based upon to-be-carried out actions or functions of an object

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29
Q

according to Gibson’s View, we perceive based upon to-be-carried out actions or functions of an object– what re these determined by

A

affordances

30
Q

what are affordances

A

¤ Visual cues in our environment
¤ Perceived directly and immediately
¤ Provides information on the potential function of an object

31
Q

according to gibson, we ‘see’ based on what

A

We ‘see’ based on what we can/need to do in the environment

we need a slot and we know to put something in it

32
Q

what is Visual object recognition

A

Perception involves processing basic visual elements of an input that are added up for object recognition

33
Q

what are the two types of visual object recognition

A

¤ Passive views
¤ Gibson’s view
¤ Active views: Pattern recognition
¤ We compare patterns from visual input to patterns in our mind (memory) ¤ Incorporates top-down processing

34
Q

what is Pattern recognition theories

A

Identifying something (a pattern) as an instance of a category

Find a pattern in visual input and match it to existing patterns
¤ Like scanning a bar code
¤ How is this pattern recognition happening

35
Q

what are the patter recognition theories

A

¤ Template-based approaches ¤ Prototype-based approaches ¤ Feature-based approaches

36
Q

how do patern recognition theories work

A

We must recognize configurations from the environment
¤ A percept (visual input) has to mingle with our memories to be able to
recognize an object

37
Q

what is Template matching theory

A

Match the pattern you see to templates of previous objects you have encountered that is stored in memory

38
Q

what are the problems with template matching theory

A

¤ We can recognize new objects that don’t match a template ¤ We can recognize objects from different viewpoints
¤ Inefficient

39
Q

what is Prototype theory

A

Compare the configuration of the current visual input with prototype
¤ Allows for ‘flexible’ object identification
¤ A good enough match (resemblance) can support object recognition

40
Q

what is a prototype:

A

The average representation of the object in memory

formed from what is common among all encountered instances

41
Q

what is an issue with prototype theory (experiment that identified it)

A

¤ Participants studied a series of faces related to a prototype face
¤ Did NOT study the prototype
¤ Participants completed a recognition memory test that included the studied faces, the prototype face, unstudied faces
¤ People remembered the studied faces and they falsely remembered studying the prototype face

42
Q

whats Feature detection theories

A

¤ W first decompose what we see into a set of features
¤ A simple element that can appear in combination with other visual elements to
form objects
¤ We then match this set of features to feature sets stored in memory.

43
Q

what model is associated with Feature detection theories

A

Selfridge’s (1959) pandemonium model

44
Q

what are the levels of Selfridge’s pandemonium model

A

bottom
middle
top

45
Q

what is the key feature of selfeidges pandemonium model

A

demons

46
Q

what is the bottom level of selfeidges pandemonium model

A

Bottom level: data or feature demons ¤ Individual features are represented

47
Q

what is the middle level of selfeidges pandemonium model

A

¤ Middle level: cognitive demons

¤ Detects particular patterns of features ¤ If detected the demon ‘shouts’

48
Q

what is the top level of selfeidges pandemonium model

A

¤ Top level: decision demons

¤ Selects the ‘loudest’ cognitive demon to identify an object

49
Q

how does feature detection work on the brain level

A

¤ Similar to the primary visual cortex which has special cells/areas for processing different visual features (color, lines, etc.)
¤ Parallel processing: Performs many computations at once rather than in serial order

50
Q

what is Recognition by components a combination of

A

Combination of feature theory and prototype theory

51
Q

what is the essence of Recognition by components

A

¤ All objects are reducible to a set of basic geometric shapes: geons
¤ 36 three-dimensional shapes that can be combined to form any object

52
Q

according to Recognition by components, Recognizing an object involves what

A

¤ Mentally separate the object into geons

¤ Comparing the geon arrangement with existing memory representations

53
Q

what are Geon properties

A

¤ View invariant and high discriminability
¤ Geons can be identified when viewed from different perspectives or angles
¤ Geons have distinct properties that we can perceive from any angle/view/perspective
¤ Resistant to Noise
¤ We can recognize objects that are covered up if we can see the geons

54
Q

what re strength of Recognition by components

A

Accounts for how we are able to recognize objects from different viewpoints and in visual noise

55
Q

what re weaknesses of Recognition by components

A

In general, object recognition theories emphasizes bottom- up processing

56
Q

Recognition by components says we use top down or bottom up processing?

A

We use top-down processes to recognize objects based on our context

57
Q

what is Top-down processing in perception

A

Context, knowledge, and expectations are used to guide visual perception, especially when things are ambiguous
¤ This means our knowledge and thoughts flow down and affect perceptual processing (top-down

58
Q

what are some common top down processing proofs

A

¤ A functional illusion: Ames Room
¤ Letter in Context
¤ Color in Context

59
Q

what is Ames Room

A

An example of a functional illusion: When expectations used to perceive

60
Q

how is the ability to read works even when the letters are mixed up an example of top down processing

A

The ability to read words in sentences even when the letters in the middle of some of the words are mixed up
¤ You expect to see real words in a sentence
¤ Letters in correct positions of jumbled words help with word recognition

You can stlil raed this senetnece even thuogh lettres in the wrods are jubmled.

61
Q

explain hw Perceiving ‘color’ in context is a top down process

A

Color perception depends on the wavelengths of light that fall on our retina AND on our past experiences of how objects look under different illumination conditions

62
Q

what is th Gestalt approach to perception

A

¤ The whole that is perceived is greater than the sum of its parts ¤ Top-down processing is essential for perception
¤ Holistic versus piecemeal (atomistic) approach to perception

63
Q

what are bistable figures

A

gestalt– an image that can take on 2 different images depending on who and how you look at it

64
Q

what are the six Gestalt organizing principles

A
  1. Principle of experience
  2. Principle of proximity
  3. Principle of closed forms
  4. Principle of good contour
  5. Principle of similarity
  6. Principle of common movement
65
Q

what is Principle of experience

A

We perceptually organize items so that there is an object in the foreground known as
From: www.mitologica.com.br/joomla/images/gestalt/gestalt%20(1).gif and www.nwlink.com/~donclark/
hrd/history/gestalt.gif.
the figure and everything else as the background

66
Q

what is Principle of proximity

A

Objects or features that are close to one another in a scene will be judged as belonging together

67
Q

what is Principle of closed forms

A

We see a shape in terms of closed forms and we like to see items that enclosed as whole

68
Q

what is Principle of good contour or continuation

A

We perceive objects as continuous in cases where it is expected that they
continue

69
Q

what is Principle of similarity

A

We organize objects or features of a scene based on similarity

70
Q

what is Principle of common movement

A

We group objects together that move together

71
Q

what is Principle of emergence (not one of gestalts main 6)

A

things can blend really well but we can see the object if we look hard enough

U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 (21 decks)

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