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U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 > M2 Lecture 15 > Flashcards

M2 Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Research examines what about bilinguals

A

how bilinguals control languages or keep them separate ¤ Bilinguals use sentences and executive control to determine the language to
activate

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2
Q

what is The bilingual ‘advantage’

A

Bilingualism are able to ignore irrelevant information better than monolinguals due to stronger executive control processes (Stroop task)

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3
Q

define language

A

shared symbolic system for communication

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4
Q

what does Symbolic mean in the definition of language

A

There are units that reference or

symbolize something else

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5
Q

how does language Functions to communicate

A

Translates thoughts

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6
Q

what part of the brain is used for language

A

Our brains are generally left lateralized for language

¤ Particular left hemisphere regions are specialized for particular language functions

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7
Q

are any aspects of language supported but the rust hemisphere

A

But some aspects of language are supported by the right hemisphere
¤ Broader language information
¤ Prosody
¤ The way something is said
¤ Mood and attitude ¤ Is this a question?

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8
Q

where is damage with Broca’s aphasia

A

Damage to the Left inferior frontal gyrus

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9
Q

what are the Symptoms of Broca’s aphasia

A

¤ Intact language comprehension
¤ Intact intellectual function
¤ Trouble producing fluent speech articulatory movements
¤ Ranges from deficits in generating meaningful speech (agrammatical) to generating all forms of speech depending on the amount of damage

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10
Q

First case discovered in 1861 was patient ‘Tan (for broca’s aphasia) explain it

A

¤ 30 year old male
¤ Intact mental functioning
¤ Could only speak one syllable (tan)
¤ Still tried to communicate (Gestures, tone, inflection)
¤ Autopsy revealed large lesion in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus
¤ More recent studies show this effect is not limited to speech (also seen in sign language; Hicock et al., 1999)

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11
Q

when was Wernicke’s aphasia Discovered

A

in 1874

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12
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia also known as

A

Receptive or fluent aphasia

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13
Q

where us damage in Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Damage to the superior temporal lobe

¤ Boundary between temporal and parietal lobe

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14
Q

what are the Symptoms of wenicke’s aphasia

A

¤ Troubles understanding or comprehending speech
¤ Produces random but fluent speech (a steady stream of words)
¤ “Word salad”
¤ A lot of non-words or invented words
¤ Unaware of their deficit

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15
Q

what are the types of Paraphasias

A

Verbal
Phonemic
Neologisms

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16
Q

what is Verbal Paraphasias

A

substitutes a word with something semantically related ¤ Shares meaning with intended word
¤ Swapping term brother with sister

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17
Q

what is phonemic Paraphasias

A

substitute or add speech sounds ¤ Also called literal
¤ Shares sounds with intended word
¤ Calling Crab Salad: Sad Cralad

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18
Q

what is neologism Paraphasias

A

substitute with a made-up word ¤ Real world examples: Staycation; Webinar

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19
Q

is Conduction aphasia common

A

no it is uncommon

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20
Q

where is the damage with Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to the pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

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21
Q

what remains intact and what is impaired with Conduction aphasia

A

¤ Intact speech comprehension ¤ Intact speech production
¤ Impaired speech repetition

essentially there is a Disconnection between language production and comprehension

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22
Q

what is Global aphasia

A

¤ Large lesions that cross multiple functional areas of the brain ¤ Both speech fluency and comprehension are affected
¤ Communication is very difficult, almost impossible

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23
Q

aphasia showed that language is localized where

A

in the brain
Producing meaningful sounds and comprehending language are supported
by different areas of the brain

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24
Q

explain The plasticity of language function

A

¤ Neuroplasticity in the brain after a left hemisphere stroke can help recover language function
¤ Areas around the damaged area or the right hemisphere can be recruited to over-take language function
¤ TMS or tDCS can be used to promote activity in these areas post- stroke as a form of rehabilitation

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25
Q

¤ A patient comes to the clinic with some language problems. You ask this person to name some common items. For example, you point to a pair of shoes for them to name and they respond “feet-houses”. What type of paraphasia does this output error represent?

a. Verbal
b. Phonemic
c. Neologism
d. None, this is a symptom of Broca’s aphasia

A

c. Neologism

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26
Q

what is Psycholinguistics

A

The branch of cognitive psychology interested in how we comprehend, produce, acquire, and represent language

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27
Q

what are The building blocks of language

A

Phonemes
Morphemes
Syntax
Semantics

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28
Q

what are Phonemes:

A

the smallest units in language
¤ combined to form morphemes
¤ e.g., /d/, /o/, /g/

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29
Q

what are Morphemes:

A

the smallest meaningful units of language

¤ e.g., /dog/

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30
Q

what is Syntax:

A

the rules that govern how words are arranged in a sentence

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31
Q

what is Semantics:

A

the meaning of words and sentences

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32
Q

who is One of the most important figures in linguistics

A

Noam Chomksy

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33
Q

what did Noam Chomksy believe

A

Language is innate
¤ Children learn language quickly and easily
Language needs to be understood by studying the
structure of grammar (syntax)
¤ “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”

34
Q

what were Noam Chomsky’s two most popular beliefs

A

Transformational Grammar Innateness Hypothesis

35
Q

what is Linguistic competence

A

Internalized system of rules used to understand language
¤ Underlying linguistic ability
¤ Phonology, syntax, semantic …

36
Q

what is Linguistic performance

A

person’s basic linguistic competence mixed with cognitive factors (e.g., memory) and situational factors
¤ Real world output

37
Q

The ability to recognize ambiguous sentences as syntactically correct
is this competence of performance

A

competence

38
Q

Making a speech error: saying “I seen it in the last lecture”

is this competence of performance

A

performance

39
Q

what does Transformational grammar focus on

A

linguistic competence

40
Q

what is Transformational grammar

A

A theory for how language is represented and processed
¤ There is a system of formal rules
¤ We have a finite set of grammatical rules that can produce an infinite
set of sentences
¤ Rules of syntax are described in tree diagrams

41
Q

is Finite state grammar accepted

A

it is too simple so no

42
Q

what is Finite state grammar

A

A rule system for stringing together words that operates one word by one word in one direction
¤ There are a finite number of states and transitions between words. This limits the choices for the next state
¤ Models language at one level

43
Q

what are the Transformational grammar parts

A

phrase structure rules and grammatical transformations

44
Q

what is Phrase structure rules:

A

rewrite rules at the symbol level

45
Q

what is Grammatical transformations

A

Rules that operate on the entire string to convert them to new strings

E.g., “The girl drives a car” can become ‘a car was driven by the girl’ by changing the structure in the tree via the verb tense transformation rule

46
Q

Transformational grammar has what levels of representaton

A

2– Transformations specify how we transform meaning into words
Deep structure
Surface structure

47
Q

what is Deep structure:

A

The meaning of the sentence ¤ semantics

48
Q

what is Surface structure:

A

The order of the words of the sentence ¤ phonology

49
Q

what is the point of levels of representation in transformational grammar

A

allows us to Interpret ambiguous sentences

‘Dogs are hard to please’

50
Q

what are Ambiguous sentences

A

Those with sections that have different meanings depending on how it is interpreted

¤ Time flies like an arrow
¤ Fruits flies like a banana

¤ Two different meanings of a sentence can be extracted from the same surface structure

51
Q

what is the The innateness hypothesis

A

idea that there is Universal grammar and we use Language Acquisition Device

52
Q

what is Universal grammar

A

a common underlying system of rules for all languages

53
Q

what is Language Acquisition Device

A

An innate set of language learning tools ¤ The ability to learn grammar is wired into the brain
¤ Opposite of a behaviourist view of language

54
Q

what is the Support for the innateness hypothesis

A

Poverty of stimulus

55
Q

explain Poverty of stimulus

A

The linguistic environment that a child is exposed is too deficient to let a child acquire language alone
¤ A child doesn’t hear enough language samples
¤ A child doesn’t hear language to learn from mistakes
¤ There must be something innate about language

56
Q

what is some suggestion Against the innateness hypothesis

A

¤ Adult reformulations of children’s speech
¤ Children gather information from reformulations of an incorrect
sentence in which the structure and not meaning is corrected

‘Child: I want butter mine Adult: Ok, I will put butter on it
Child: I need butter on it’

¤ The brain has statistical pattern recognition devices that can learn rules ¤ Rules need not be innate

57
Q

what are Current takes on Noam Chomsky’s ideas

A

¤ Universal grammar: “a system of categories, mechanisms and constraints, shared by all human languages and considered to be innate”
¤ The innateness hypothesis is not in favour
¤ Child’s linguistic environment is much richer than had been previously
believed
¤ The brain is designed to detect statistical regularities

58
Q

is Syntax the only thing that can determine language

A

Syntax is not the only thing that can determine language ¤ Language shaping thought
¤ Language and reading
¤ Language in a social context

59
Q

what is the nativist view on Language and thought

A

Language and thought are independent

60
Q

what is the Linguistic relativity views on language and thought

A

Language determines how we think

61
Q

give a Linguistic relativity example

A

Seeing a container marked “gasoline” is interpreted as dangerous
¤ Gasoline is flammable!
¤ Seeing a gasoline container marked “empty” will not interpreted as dangerous (or flammable) even though vapours are explosive
¤ This is because the word empty creates the concept of “void” - “non-explosive” or “safe”
¤ Language changes how we think/perceive

62
Q

what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

¤ Languages influences our experience and perceptions
¤ This means that differences between languages will be present on
non-linguistic tasks
¤ Linguistic determinism
¤ An extreme version is that a person’s thoughts are determined by language
¤ Early support: Hopi Indian Language does not have words or a concept of time, but this was later proven false

¤ A weaker version is that a person’s thoughts are influenced by language
¤ Both follow linguistic relativity

63
Q

explain the Support for Sapir-Whorf: Color language

A

Colors that are more easily named are remembered better Davidoff et al 1999
¤ Berinmo tribe in Papua New Guinea: 5 color terms
¤ The color boundary between blue-green does not exist
¤ English speakers
¤ The color boundary for Berinmo words nol and wor does not exist

  • Berinmo Tribe members were worse at picking the studied color from the blue/green pair •English speakers were worse to pick the studied color from the nol-wor pair
  • Speakers cannot access colors if the color boundary isn’t in their language •Language shapes the quality of color memory
64
Q

explain critiques Against the Sapir-Whorf: Color language

A

¤ English Language Speakers: 11 words for color
¤ Dani tribe in Indonesia: 2 words for color
¤ Two tasks:
¤ Name color patches (language label task)
¤ The Dani did this differently than English-speaking participants ¤ Match color patches (Categorize task)
¤ The Dani performed equal to the English participants

\

¤ Evidence that accessing color category information does not rely on spoken language

65
Q

how is Language an Intrinsic frame of reference

A

Spatial relations are described between objects

¤ Leo is behind the directors chair

66
Q

how is language a Relative frame of reference

A

Spatial relations are described relative to an observer’s viewpoint
¤ Leo is to the left of the chair

67
Q

how is language an Absolute frame of reference

A

Spatial relations are described as an invariant set of coordinates
¤ Leo is west of the chair

68
Q

How does a language’s way of describing space (frame of reference) affect how we think?

A

Properties of English and Dutch
¤ These languages have a preference for relative frame of reference

Properties of Tzeltal (Mayan Language)
¤ This language has no relative frame of reference, only absolute frames of reference
¤ Spatial information is described and remember as absolute coordinates ¤ north, east, south, west
¤ There is no systematic use of left and right

69
Q

is reading a form of language

A

Reading is a newer form of language (5,500 years old)

70
Q

what is Dyslexia

A

The processes for converting print to speech is impaired

71
Q

what are the types of dyslexia

A

Surface Dyslexia

Phonological Dyslexia

72
Q

what is Surface Dyslexia

A

¤Trouble producing irregular words
¤ Problems reading ‘Comb” or “Thought” ¤Reading happens letter-by-letter
¤Cannot match words to mental dictionary

73
Q

what is Phonological Dyslexia

A

¤Trouble reading letter-by-letter
¤Readings happens by comparing whole words to mental dictionary
(lexicon)
¤Cannot read non-words

74
Q

what is the Dual route model of reading

A

printed word –> mental dictionary (whole word) OR Grapheme-Phoneme Conversion (Letter by letter) –> speech

75
Q

explain Language in a social context

A

Grice’s cooperative principle that suggest we infer unspoken meaning from ordinary conversations
¤ Based on the idea that speakers intend to follow rules of conversation & listener expect these rules are followed

76
Q

what are the rules of conversation & listener expect these rules are followed

A
  1. Maxim of quantity: say no more than is necessary
  2. Maxim of quality : try to be truthful; stay on topic
  3. Maxim of relation: attempt to be relevant
  4. Maxim of manner: avoid ambiguity and be clear
77
Q

¤ You are having a conversation with you friend and they are telling you a story about John and Helen. You don’t know who John and Helen are, and your friend doesn’t seem to take this into consideration when talking about them. What conversation maxim does this violate?

a. Relative
b. Manner
c. Quality
d. Quantity

A

a. Relative

78
Q

what is Grice’s cooperative principle

A

¤ When a speaker violates these maxims, a listener may not be aware because
of they expect the speaker is following the cooperative principle
¤ This can explain why some people have problems with sarcasm detection

79
Q

explain Gender style and language and women with pronunciation

A

Women have better pronunciation

80
Q

explain Gender style and language and women with vocabulary

A

¤ Women use more adjectives than men
¤ Women use first person plurals more than men
¤ “We need to hurry”

81
Q

explain Gender style and language and women with Intonation

A

¤ Women use a ‘reverse accent’ more than men

¤ End statements like questions

82
Q

give a summary of this lecture

A

¤ Defining language

¤ Cases of aphasia
¤ The functional organization of language in the brain

¤ The structure of language
¤ Transformational Grammar – rules to structure language
¤ The Innateness Hypothesis – language is innate and universal

¤ Is thought dependent on language?
¤ Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
¤ Color memory and spatial frames of reference

¤ How does language work in the context of reading?
¤ Cases of dyslexia

¤ How do we use language in a social context?
¤ Conversation determines the language we use

U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 (21 decks)

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