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U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 > Final Lecture 16: March 20 > Flashcards

Final Lecture 16: March 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is A problem

A

is the difference between a current state and a desired state ¤ Math problems
¤ Real world scenarios

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2
Q

Problem solving is a multi-step processes in which solutions are developed
to do what

A

shift from a current (problem) to a desired (goal) state ¤ A higher-order cognitive function

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3
Q

How a problem is solved depends on what

A

it’s structure ¤ Well-defined vs ill-defined problems

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4
Q

dfine Well-defined problems

A

Problems with defined constraints and a set goal state and path

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5
Q

what are Constraints

A

are limitations, rules or set boundaries

¤ The constraint of a bowling lane: You have to stay between the gutters

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6
Q

is there a clear set of steps (path) to move

from the problem to solution

A

yes

¤ The rules of bowling: You know you need to throw the ball at the pins to meet your goal

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7
Q

what is an example of a well defines problem

A

Sudoku

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8
Q

what is Goal directedness:

A

The processes engaged are to achieve a pre-set goal ¤You have your “Eyes on the prize”
¤Sudoku: Filling in all the cells
Anderson, 1985

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9
Q

what is Sequential operations:

A

The processes engaged are done in a sequence of steps ¤Like a recipe
¤Sudoku: Using a known method to fill in each square

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10
Q

how are Many cognitive operation used with well defines problesm

A

Distinct cognitive processes are used for these distinct steps

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11
Q

what is Subgoal decomposition:

A

There are intermediate goals to achieve a solution ¤ Nested structure
¤ Sudoku: Fill in rows then squares or fill in all number ‘2’s then number ‘5’s

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12
Q

what are the parts of well defines problems

A

Goal directedness
Sequential operations
Many cognitive operation
Subgoal decomposition

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13
Q

what are

A

Situations that have no clear path or way to move from the problem to the goal state
Why is your friend angry with you?
What courses will you take next year

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14
Q

are the goal state and path are specified in ill defined problems

A

The goal state and path are not specified (ambiguous)
¤ The ‘road’ to the solution is not clear
¤ There are few task constraints, or few
limitations for how to solve the problem
¤ There are often multiple solutions
¤ E.g., there are many ways and routes to walk from point A to B
A
B

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15
Q

Well- or ill-defined? How to get rid of smelly garbage

A

ill defines

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16
Q

Well- or ill-defined? Converting a unit of measurement from inches to centimeters

A

well defines

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17
Q

Well-defined problems have more_______ than ill-defined problems

A

task constraints

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18
Q

Greater activity in the right lateral prefrontal cortex for ill-defined anagrams or well- defined anagrams

A

ill defined

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19
Q

Solving ill-defined problems carry a greater ‘cognitive load’ why

A

because of the lack of task constraints

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of problem solving

A

analytic and insight

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of analytic problem solving

A

¤ Using step by step rules to reach a solution
¤ Conscious deliberation
¤ Information processing approaches
* next class

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of insight problem solving

A

¤ Creative approaches to reach a solution ¤ Open ended tasks

¤ Cognitive flexibility

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23
Q

What is insight?

A

¤A person can’t find the solution then the correct solution emerges into consciousness
¤The ‘Aha’ experience
¤Breaking free of assumptions to form new connections in mind to reach a solution

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24
Q

what are the Four features of Insight

A

suddeness
ease
positive in emotion
confidence

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25
Q

what is Suddeness:

A

The solution pops into mind with surprise

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26
Q

what is ¤Ease:

A

The solution comes quickly and fluently

27
Q

what is ¤Positive in emotion:

A

A pleasant experience, even before assessing if the solution is effective

28
Q

what is ¤Confidence:

A

The solution is believed to be appropriate

29
Q

how are Gestalt and insight related

A

Concerned with an experience as a whole rather than consisting of the sum of parts
¤ Consciousness is organized into a coherent whole

30
Q

Bi-stable figures demonstrate Gestalt switches: how

A

The experience of having a sudden switch in how you see something

31
Q

Gestalt view: Two forms of thinking what are they

A

Structurally blind thinking/Reproductive thinking

Productive thinking

32
Q

what is Productive thinking

A

Thinking that is based on general principles
Principles – not rules - are applied in new situations
¤ Aim is insight

33
Q

what is Structurally blind thinking/Reproductive thinking

A

¤ Retrieving old patterns and applying them to the current situation ¤ Habitual mode of thinking
¤ Can lead to ‘strong but wrong’ patterns of thought
¤ Aim is efficiency

34
Q

Productive thinking involves what

A

restructuring or re-defining how a problem is viewed rather than thinking of ways to solve

35
Q

what is Functional fixedness

A

The inability to see beyond the most common use of a particular object
¤ Inability to recognize that something could perform a novel function that could solve
a current problem
¤ “Fixed” on the function for which something is designed

36
Q

is Overcoming functional fixedness possible

A

Need to inhibit aspects of the normal functioning of the “human semantic, perceptual and motor systems.”

37
Q

what are the 2 steps to General Parts Technique in overcoming functional fizes

A

¤ Break down an object into the smallest components. ¤ Give each component the most generic name you can
¤ Lift the ‘constraint’ of your semantic knowledge of that object

38
Q

what is Mental fixedness

A

Negative transfer/mental sets
¤ Responding with previously learned rule sequences even when they are
inappropriate or less productive

39
Q

what is the Einstellung effect:

A

The tendency to respond inflexibly to a particular type of problem (a rigid set) (part of mental fixedness)

40
Q

what are 2 types of behaviours

A

Mindful vs mindless behaviours

41
Q

what is To behave mindlessly

A

¤ acting as if a situation has only one possible interpretation

42
Q

what is To behave mindfully

A

¤ actively seek new possibilities

43
Q

how to prevent mindlessness,

A

think about things in a flexible rather than absolute manner

44
Q

what is the difference between insight and non insight problem solving

A

Insight problem solving is involuntary and feels like it happens suddenly, with ease and comes with ‘pleasure’
¤Non-insight problem solving happens gradually and there is an awareness of incremental success

45
Q

Metacognitive assessments (What you know about what you know) are accurate when

A

of non-insight problems are accurate, but not for insight problems

46
Q

what is Progress monitoring theory

A

Insight and non-insight solutions rely on the same cognitive
mechanisms
We monitor our progress on a problem by examining the difference between current and goal state
We change how we solve a problem only when we can’t solve the problem with current methods, when we have reach a criterion failure

47
Q

what is Representational change theory

A

Insight problem solving uses different processes than non-insight problem
solving
insight changes the way that we represent a problem with two special processes

48
Q

according to the representational change theory; insight changes the way that we represent a problem with two special processes

what are they

A

Constraint relaxation

Chunk decomposition

49
Q

what is Constraint relaxation

A

Remove assumptions that are blocking a problem solution

¤ Overcoming functional fixedness

50
Q

what is Chunk decomposition

A

Separate a problem into chunks that are seen
as belonging together
¤ General Parts Technique

51
Q

what is Compound Remote Associates

A

are short insight-like problems (creativity measure) ¤ See three words and find one word that forms a compound word or phrase with each one

52
Q

Right hemisphere involvement, specifically the anterior temporal lobe, more active for what

A

insight problem solving

Supports forming new connections/distant relations ¤ New thoughts

53
Q

what is Paralysis by analysis

A

Prefrontal cortex-mediated control processes leads to over-analytic thinking
¤ Interrupts the ‘flow’ of information and blocks insight
¤ Being in the zone involves not thinking about what you are doing
¤ Sports as an example: If you overthink, you might mess up!

54
Q

what is Analogical problem solving

A

Related to Insight
¤Making comparisons between two situations and applying the
solution from one of the situations to the other situation

What to wear to a dinner party? Remember outfits from past parties. ¤ Target problem: the problem the person is trying to solve
¤ Source problem: the problem that shares similarity with the target problem

55
Q

what are the three parts to Analogical problem solving

A

notice
mao
apply

56
Q

what is notice

A

a relationship: there is an analogous relationship between source problem and target problem

57
Q

what is Map

A

the correspondence between source and target via what is similar between the target and source problems

58
Q

what is Apply

A

the mapping by generating a parallel solution for the target problem

59
Q

what are he Two forms of similarity

A

Surface similarity:

Structural similarity

60
Q

what is Surface similarity:

A

¤ The surface details of a problem (specific elements) are similar ¤ The parts of the problem look the same
¤ Two people with similar haircuts

61
Q

what is Structural similarity:

A

¤ The causal relations among the main components are shared by both
problems.
¤ They are similar with respect to their ‘deep representations’
¤ The parts of the problem look different
¤ Two people who go to the same barber shop to get their haircut

62
Q

how do Analogies work

A

Analogies work by making unfamiliar problems become familiar
¤Can lead to new solutions and creations by drawing parallels between things
¤Help us navigate new scenarios
¤Steve Jobs used a ‘desktop’ as an analogy to create the a personal computer

63
Q

Summary

A

¤ Well-defined versus ill-defined problems ¤ Depends on task constraints

¤ Analytic versus insight problems
¤ Depends on how we achieve a solution

¤ Surface vs structural similarity in analogical problem solving

U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 (21 decks)

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