M2 Lecture 10 Flashcards
what is meant by Memory is pervasive
Some aspect of memory is involved in most of
what you do
Memory is important for: what
¤ The sense of self
¤ Maintains a mental representation of the self
¤ Directive functions
¤ Helps solve current and future problems
¤ Social functions
¤ Used to reminisce and form bonds with people
what are the different memory systems
¤ Sensory memory
¤ Short-term and working memory
¤ Long-term memory
what are the Memory stages
Encoding
storage
retreival
what is encoding
putting information in memory ¤ Learning
¤ What are the best ways to learn information? (question often asked)
what is storage
retaining encoded information
¤ Maintaining
¤ How do we organize memories together?
what is Retrieval –
outputting or recovering stored information
¤ Remembering
¤ How are memories recalled and constructed?
Sensory memory records what time frame of info
Less than a second
Short-term memory records what time frame of info
~ 30 seconds
Long-term memory records what time frame of info
Minutes to years
what is a type of sensory memory
Iconic memory
what is Iconic memory
¤Visual information held very briefly, fading within milliseconds
¤ ‘Persistence of vision
what is another name for Iconic memory
Afterimages
what are the two types of afterimages
Positive afterimage
Negative afterimage
what is Positive afterimage
The original image you saw is preserved in memory
what is Negative afterimage
¤ The inverted colors from the original image are in memory
what was the experiment done to test How long does [sensory] memory last?
Presented a visual display of 3 by 4 letters very quickly ¤ 0.05 seconds
Participants were asked to recall the letters from the display under two conditions
- Whole report: report letters from the whole display
- Partial report: report only one row of letters at a time
they also had diff bells that would ring and indicate what row of letters to memorize
what were the results of the experiment that tested how long memory lasts
Sensory memory capacity is large, but only lasts for a second
aka when the bell was rung before, their memory as GREAT but only if it was tested right after… the longer they waited the less they remembered
Odors are associated with very strong access to what
memories of personal experiences
More than other sensations
There is a direct link between the olfactory bulb and what
the hippocampus
what is Short-term memory
This is the intermediate system between sensory and long-term memory
further explain short term memory
¤ Holding information online
¤ Limited capacity
¤ The capacity is 7 plus or minus 2 items
what is a tool used for short term memory
Chunking
what is Chunking
¤ A ‘mental’ tool in which we group items together in some meaningful way in our short-term memory
¤ This allows more information to be represented at one time
what are the different parts to the working memory
the working memory has sub systems specialized I performing tasks:
central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop
what is the phonological loop
¤ Phonological store
¤ Passive store for verbal information
¤ Articulatory rehearsal or loop
what is the ¤ Articulatory rehearsal or loop
¤ Used to rehearse verbal information
(silently or not)
¤ It also converts written material into a phonological code (sounds)
¤ What is another name for this? reading.
what is the The visuospatial sketchpad for
Important for holding images in mind and working with them
what does the episodic buffer do
access information from long-term memory
what is the central executive
guides the process
what are the types of ling term memory
implicit and explicit
what is implicit
non-declaritive
non-concious
what is explicit
declarative, concious
what supports implicit memory
procedural memory and priming
what supports explicit memory
episodic memory and semantic memory
what is Episodic Memory:
past events and associated context
what is Semantic memory:
general facts
and knowledge
what was one of the first to do Early Memory Research
Ebbinghaus
what did Ebbinghaus test
¤ Experimentally investigated memory and how we forget information
¤ Studied nonsense syllables (stimuli with no meaning) and examined how they were forgotten over time
who did Ebbinghaus test
himself– meticulously
what were Ebbinghaus’ contributions
¤ Discovered trends and factors that affect human memory and forgetting
¤ What he found has not been ‘forgotten’
¤ Three concepts
¤ The forgetting curve
¤ The spacing effect
¤ Serial position effects: Primacy and recency effects
what is The forgetting curve
A law that describes how information is forgotten over time
¤ Forgetting is exponential
¤ Memory loss is biggest early on and slows down over time
How do we slow down forgetting?
¤ Active rehearsal – works better than passively re-reading
what is The spacing effect
Memory is better when the same amount of learning is spread out over time
what is the equation for better memory
Testing + Time = Better Memory!
what is tThe spacing effect in the brain
Participants did the following tasks
¤ Studied picture-word pairs
¤ Rested while their brains were scanned ¤ Recalled picture-word pairs
Result: Connections between the hippocampus and other brain regions during rest predicted recall (memory)
Evidence for a neural spacing effect
what is neural spacing effect
Evidence for a neural spacing effect
what is the serial position effects
has two parts to it: primacy effect and recency effect
what is the primacy effect
Better recall of the first few items from a learned list ¤ Based on long-term memory processes
what is the recency effect
Better recall of the final few items
¤ Based on short-term memory processes
¤ Eliminated if the delay between learning and recall is > 30 seconds
what is the summary of the serial position effect
We tend to remember the first and last items of a list the best
what are the Theories of forgetting
¤ Decay Theory
¤ Interference Theory
what is the Decay Theory
¤ Forgetting is a function of time
¤ Memory of learned material decays as time passes
what is the Interference Theory
¤ Memory of learned information is forgotten because
of intervening and interfering information
¤ Information presented after learning (encoding) interferes with to-be-remembered material
what are the 2 sub part of interference theory
Retroactive interference (‘backward in time’) Proactive interference (‘forward in time’)
what is Proactive interference (‘forward in time’)
Previously learned material interferes with new information
¤ When you have trouble learning a new phone number
what is Retroactive interference (‘backward in time’)
¤ Newly learned information interferes with old information
¤ When you cannot remember your old phone number
is Forgetting is adaptive
yes
why is Forgetting is adaptive
¤ It is important to ’forget’ little details that aren’t relevant to a memory
¤ This is important can you use what you learned from the past to help with decision making
¤ Update information
¤ You know what to do with these soccer balls because you ’forgot’ those non-important perceptual details
what do the Levels of processing theory do
¤Focuses on the processes that influence how something is remembered rather than separate memory systems for different ways of remembering
¤Examines the relationship between memory encoding (learning) and subsequent memory (remembering)
¤Proposes that there are certain ways of learning that help us remember ‘well’
what are the levels of processing theory
¤Shallow processing: ¤Deep processing:
what is Shallow processing
Focus on structural or physical characteristics of information during learning (encoding)
what is Deep processing
Focus on the meaning of the information during learning (encoding)
further explain shallow processig
¤ Prone to forgetting
what are the different levels of shallow processing
¤ When studying, focusing on information at the :
¤ Structure Level
¤ Phoneme Level
¤ Grapheme Level
what is Structure Level
¤ The physical presentation of something. What does it look like?
¤ The word is in red letters
what is Phoneme Level
¤ How something sounds. What does it rhyme with?
¤ The word rhymes with potato
what is Grapheme Level
¤ What are the letters within a word? How many syllables? ¤ There are three syllables
further explain deep processing
¤ Less prone to forgetting
¤ Involves encoding the meaning of the
information you want to remember
¤ Answering questions like” ¤ What would I use it for?
¤ What are it’s features?
¤ Is it pleasant?
¤ This involves linking information you want to remember with what you already know
¤ You can use this to help remember a person’s name
what is The Google effect
¤ Remember trivia statements (An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain”) by typing the statements on a computer
¤ Statements that could be looked up online
what was the experiment done to test the google effect
¤ Researchers manipulated if a participant thought their
typed records would be searchable:
¤ 1⁄2 participants told the answers would be saved ¤ 1⁄2 participants told the answers would be erased
¤ Later, they are asked to recall the statements
¤ Participants who thought they could search for the information (saved), remembered less than participants who were told their answered would be erased
¤ less effort is used to encode information
what is the google effect and effect of
lack of Deep processing
How to remember well
¤Memory is cue dependent
¤We need to use appropriate cues to retrieve the right information from memory
what is The encoding specificity theory
¤ Memory retrieval is better when a cue overlaps with what was present at encoding (learning)
¤ A context can be a retrieval cue
¤ Match between encoding and retrieval context leads
¤ Context is a broad term
¤ State
¤ Mood
¤ Environment
explain “State” as a context cue
¤ Memory is better when a person’s ‘context’ matches encoding
¤ Physiological state: Alcohol dependent learning
when you are sober and learning you remember better when sober
when drunk and learning you remember that info better drunk
explain “Mood” as a context cue
¤ Emotional information is better remembered when retrieval mood matches encoded material (positive mood and positive words)
explain The environment as a context cue
¤ Deep sea divers
¤ Encoded a list of words
¤ On land
¤ Underwater
¤ Retrieved words
¤ On land
¤ Underwater
¤ When the encoding and retrieval context matched, more words were rememberedwhat is Mnemonics
We can improve remember with mnemonics
¤ Organizational strategies that help encode to to- be-remembered information
¤ E.g., visual imagery techniques
what is a common method of Mnemonics
Method of Loci
explain Method of Loci
¤ Memory palace or mind palace technique
¤ Associate pieces of information with a location or a visual image
¤ Higher level form of chunking
give a summary of this lecture
¤ Memory systems
¤ Sensory memory can be large but very short
¤ Short-term memory is storage
¤ Working memory helps manipulate information via separate components
¤ We forget information
¤ We forget fast and then this levels off
¤ Decay versus interference theory
¤ The levels of processing model of memory
¤ Focuses processes of memory rather than stores or systems
¤ Encoding specificity principle
¤ Being able to retrieve information depends on matching to it’s context of learning
