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U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is imagery?

A

reconstruction a memory or future desire in the mind– typically visual

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2
Q

what are the 2 main types of imagery

A

auditory and visual

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3
Q

what theory explains How do we create mental images?

A

Dual-Coding Theory

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4
Q

what is Dual-Coding Theory

A

Breaks down the mental representation of events into two categories, verbal and non-verbal, that can act in a separate or interactive fashion

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5
Q

in dual coding theory, what is the term for verbal category

A

logegens

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6
Q

in dual coding theory, what is the term for non-verbal category

A

imagens

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7
Q

what are logegens

A

words like ‘chair’ where there is a concrete explination

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8
Q

what are imagens

A

words like ‘idea’ where the term is more abstract

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9
Q

Evidence for dual-coding theory

A

Gave participants pairs of words (each word could either be concrete or abstract) ◦ Participants were tested on how well they could recall one word when presented
with its pair
Participants remembered concrete words better than abstract words

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10
Q

explain Dual-coding theory and and how it should explain activity in the brain locations

A

◦ According to dual-coding theory, the left hemisphere of the brain should primarily be involved in the verbal components of mental imagery
◦ The right hemisphere should be primarily involved in the non-verbal components

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11
Q

does the dual coding theory explanations of brain activation hold true

A

Not necessarily higher recruitment of right hemisphere areas for concrete words, but instead a different pattern of activation (Fiebach & Friederici, 2003

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12
Q

what is The imagery debate

A

There is a debate about whether information can also be stored as images

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13
Q

what is generally accepted about imagery

A

There is a general acceptance that information is stored as language-like statements

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14
Q

what is the Propositional representation hypothesis for the imagery debate

A
  • All information is stored as descriptive statements, regardless of the content.
  • Imagery is a by-product
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15
Q

How vivid are mental images?

A

Varies across individuals and contexts
◦ Familiarity may enhance vividness of mental images (Baddeley & Andrade, 2000)
◦ Musicians seem to hear musical imagery more often than non-musicians (Beaty et al., 2013)

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16
Q

How does vividness of mental images relate to memory?

A

◦ High ratings of vividness does not necessarily lead to better memory performance
◦ i.e., eyewitness accounts

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17
Q

In dual-coding theory, the mental representation of events is broken down into a verbal category, made up of ________, and a non-verbal category, made up of _______; these two categories ______ work together.

a) logogens; imagens; cannot
b) imagens; logogens; can
c) imagens; logogens; cannot
d) logogens; imagens; can

A

d) logogens; imagens; can

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18
Q

what is von Restorff effect:

A

an object is remembered better when it is bizarre among common objects (discussed with regard to the method of loci strategy for using imagery to aid memory)

Place objects in unexpected locations to remember them better; imagine yourself
walking through the location, “picking up” the objects along the way
◦ This makes the objects distinct, bizarre, or humorous among common items

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19
Q

what is Special places strategy

A

When you want to keep something secure, you often think to hide that item in an unexpected place

20
Q

why is the Special places strategy not as effective as we think it is

A

Although we believe this to be memorable due to its distinctiveness, we often forget where we put the
valuable item

because you are using a THING to remember a place (like putting a passport in a bathroom drawer)– this doesn’t work…. the von Restorff effect works because it is using a place to remember a thing

21
Q

what is the experiment that indicated the use of imageryto aid memory

A

1) Normal performance feedback
Play normally through the piece of music
2) Motor only performance feedback
Play through the piece of music without hearing the performance,
imagine what it sounds like
3) Auditory only performance feedback
Hear the piece of music, imagine what the movements feel like
4) No performance feedback
Imagine what the piece of music sounds like, and what the movements feel like

22
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a situation in which imagery can aid memory?

a) An eyewitness of a crime imagines the crime very vividly
b) A person imagines items on their grocery list in an unlikely location in their home; when they are at the grocery store, they imagine moving through their home to collect the items
c) A musician with good aural skills is unable to practice their instrument in their apartment; they memorize a piece of music by practicing the movements without the sound
d) All of the above are examples of situations in which imagery can aid memory

A

a) An eyewitness of a crime imagines the crime very vividly

23
Q

can you manipulate mental images

A

yes

24
Q

what is mental rotation

A

Mental rotation is rotating a mental image in space

25
Q

How accurately and quickly can people perform mental rotations?

A

People are quite accurate at identifying one object as the same as another by way of mental rotation (Shepard & Metzler, 1971)
◦ The speed at which people perform mental rotations depends on how far the object must be rotated (Shepard & Metzler, 1971)

26
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in mental rotation?

A

◦ Some have suggested that mental rotation may primarily involve the right hemisphere
◦ This may not be entirely supported as it is not as black and white as either left or right

27
Q

How does mental scanning compare to mental rotation?

A

Similar to mental rotation, the further the scanning distance the longer the reaction time (Kosslyn, Ball, & Reiser, 1978)

28
Q

How do egocentric perspective transformations compare to mental rotation?

A

Rather than moving an object in space as in mental rotation, egocentric perspective transformations involve moving oneself in space to view different objects

29
Q

does it take longer to imaging something to your let, right, or behind you

A

actually takes just as long as each other! Very hard to imagine left and right because they are contralateral

30
Q

Which of the following is true about mental rotation?

a) Mental rotation primarily involves the right hemisphere of the brain
b) Females tend to be faster at mental rotation than males
c) Mental rotation is similar to mental scanning in that response time depends on how far the object must be rotated, or the distance travelled
d) None of the above

A

c) Mental rotation is similar to mental scanning in that response time depends on how far the object must be rotated, or the distance travelled

31
Q

How do mental images guide our perception?

A

they set us up to perceive

32
Q

what is the experiment that concluded that mental images guide our perception

A

◦ Performance on this task is similar to performance on the same task when the letter F is actually present on the grid (Podgorny & Shepard, 1978)
◦ Mental images may be serving to prepare us for the actual perception of that image
◦ People are better at detecting the brief presentation of the probe when it is presented on the projected image (Farah, 1989)

33
Q

explain the experiment that attempted to find the relationship between other types of imagery (auditory) and perception

A

1) People are presented with a sine wave tone, and are asked to imagine this tone played by a specific instrument (guitar, flute, or trumpet)
2) People are presented with a second tone played by one of three instruments (guitar, flute, or trumpet)
3) People judge whether the second tone is the same or different as the first tone

34
Q

what did the auditory experiment for imagery result in

A

People were faster at saying that two notes were the same when the perceived timbre was consistent with the heard timbre

35
Q

define timbre

A

instrument

36
Q

People are faster at saying that two notes were the same when what

A

the timbre was consistent across the two notes (Crowder, 1989)

37
Q

Are similar brain areas active during auditory imagery as during auditory perception?

A

some overlaps!

38
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

A sensory experience in which a stimulus that would normally evoke a response in one sensory modality (an inducer) also invokes a response in one or more other sensory modalities (the concurrent)

39
Q

what is the name of the condition the most common experience among synesthetes

A

Chromesthesia

40
Q

what is Chromesthesia

A

where you see colours when you hear sounds

41
Q

How does synesthesia influence memory?

A

Synesthesia may aid memory in specific cases
◦ Participants with chromesthesia and absolute pitch have reported that their chromesthesia aids their memory for specific pitches and music (Rogers, 1987)

42
Q

what is Amusia

A

deficits in musical abilities; also called tone-deafness

43
Q

People with amusia have been shown to have deficits in what

A

visual/spatial

imagery

44
Q

do imagery in different sensory domains interact with one another

A

likely

45
Q

Which of the following provides evidence for imagery as an analog form of representation?

a) Overlapping auditory brain areas are active when sounds are both perceived and imagined
b) People are faster at detecting a probe when the probe falls on top of an imagined letter
c) People are faster at determining whether two tones are the same when the perceived timbre of one tone matches the imagined timbre of the other
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 (21 decks)

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