Lecture 9 Flashcards
What is imagery?
reconstruction a memory or future desire in the mind– typically visual
what are the 2 main types of imagery
auditory and visual
what theory explains How do we create mental images?
Dual-Coding Theory
what is Dual-Coding Theory
Breaks down the mental representation of events into two categories, verbal and non-verbal, that can act in a separate or interactive fashion
in dual coding theory, what is the term for verbal category
logegens
in dual coding theory, what is the term for non-verbal category
imagens
what are logegens
words like ‘chair’ where there is a concrete explination
what are imagens
words like ‘idea’ where the term is more abstract
Evidence for dual-coding theory
Gave participants pairs of words (each word could either be concrete or abstract) ◦ Participants were tested on how well they could recall one word when presented
with its pair
Participants remembered concrete words better than abstract words
explain Dual-coding theory and and how it should explain activity in the brain locations
◦ According to dual-coding theory, the left hemisphere of the brain should primarily be involved in the verbal components of mental imagery
◦ The right hemisphere should be primarily involved in the non-verbal components
does the dual coding theory explanations of brain activation hold true
Not necessarily higher recruitment of right hemisphere areas for concrete words, but instead a different pattern of activation (Fiebach & Friederici, 2003
what is The imagery debate
There is a debate about whether information can also be stored as images
what is generally accepted about imagery
There is a general acceptance that information is stored as language-like statements
what is the Propositional representation hypothesis for the imagery debate
- All information is stored as descriptive statements, regardless of the content.
- Imagery is a by-product
How vivid are mental images?
Varies across individuals and contexts
◦ Familiarity may enhance vividness of mental images (Baddeley & Andrade, 2000)
◦ Musicians seem to hear musical imagery more often than non-musicians (Beaty et al., 2013)
How does vividness of mental images relate to memory?
◦ High ratings of vividness does not necessarily lead to better memory performance
◦ i.e., eyewitness accounts
In dual-coding theory, the mental representation of events is broken down into a verbal category, made up of ________, and a non-verbal category, made up of _______; these two categories ______ work together.
a) logogens; imagens; cannot
b) imagens; logogens; can
c) imagens; logogens; cannot
d) logogens; imagens; can
d) logogens; imagens; can
what is von Restorff effect:
an object is remembered better when it is bizarre among common objects (discussed with regard to the method of loci strategy for using imagery to aid memory)
Place objects in unexpected locations to remember them better; imagine yourself
walking through the location, “picking up” the objects along the way
◦ This makes the objects distinct, bizarre, or humorous among common items
what is Special places strategy
When you want to keep something secure, you often think to hide that item in an unexpected place
why is the Special places strategy not as effective as we think it is
Although we believe this to be memorable due to its distinctiveness, we often forget where we put the
valuable item
because you are using a THING to remember a place (like putting a passport in a bathroom drawer)– this doesn’t work…. the von Restorff effect works because it is using a place to remember a thing
what is the experiment that indicated the use of imageryto aid memory
1) Normal performance feedback
Play normally through the piece of music
2) Motor only performance feedback
Play through the piece of music without hearing the performance,
imagine what it sounds like
3) Auditory only performance feedback
Hear the piece of music, imagine what the movements feel like
4) No performance feedback
Imagine what the piece of music sounds like, and what the movements feel like
Which of the following is not an example of a situation in which imagery can aid memory?
a) An eyewitness of a crime imagines the crime very vividly
b) A person imagines items on their grocery list in an unlikely location in their home; when they are at the grocery store, they imagine moving through their home to collect the items
c) A musician with good aural skills is unable to practice their instrument in their apartment; they memorize a piece of music by practicing the movements without the sound
d) All of the above are examples of situations in which imagery can aid memory
a) An eyewitness of a crime imagines the crime very vividly
can you manipulate mental images
yes
what is mental rotation
Mental rotation is rotating a mental image in space
