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U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition is

A

Studying the act of thinking (the mind) and how it affects our behaviors

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2
Q

the birth of cognition psychology was when

A

1950/60s

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3
Q

Thinking about thinking goes back to where

A

Ancient Greece

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4
Q

Thinking about thinking goes back to Ancient Greece ¤ They studied what

A

how human personality and characteristics

were linked to mental processes

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5
Q

who are the Main players in the philosophy

A

Plato and Aristotle

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6
Q

who was Plato (428 BCE)

A

First early philosopher to consider the human

mind

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7
Q

What did plato think?

A

We use logic to understand the world ¤ The world is a ‘reflection of our reality’

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8
Q

what was the school of thought plato identified with

A

Rationalism

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9
Q

what is Rationalism

A

Knowledge comes from observation but is also a priori

¤ There is an innate nature of our minds

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10
Q

who came up with the term ‘psyche’

A

we have this thing that lets us think

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11
Q

what did Aristotle (384 BCE) do

A

Combined philosophical and scientific approaches to thinking

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12
Q

what was aristotle’s school of thought

A

Empiricism

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13
Q

what is Empiricism

A

All knowledge comes from experience and observation

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14
Q

according to empiricism/aristotle, the basis of thought is what

A

The basis of thought is forming associations based on observations
ALL knowledge comes from experience

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15
Q

Key debates between these philosophers are what

A

¤Rationalism vs. empiricism
¤ Innate vs. acquired abilities
¤ Nature versus nurture

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16
Q

what are the two main theories of psychology in the past

A

rationalism and empiricism

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17
Q

what was rationalism’s inflect in cognitive psychology

A

Influence on theory development

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18
Q

what was empiricism’s inflect in cognitive psychology

A

Influence on the experimental method

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19
Q

what does Indian Buddhism say about cognition

A

rejects the notion of a permanent self and suggests to study cognitive events that lead to experience

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20
Q

when did structuralism start

A

started in late 1800

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21
Q

who is associated with structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener

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22
Q

what is structuralism

A

Focused on identifying the basic building blocks of the conscious
experience with analytic/experimental introspection

Emphasized systematic, controlled observation for understanding
the structure of the mind

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23
Q

who is Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research in 1879

24
Q

what was Wilhelm Wundt’s goal

A

To identify the simplest essential units of mind/consciousness, like the periodic table for chemistry

25
Q

what was a main question Wilhelm Wundt asked

A

Asked WHAT is the mind made of using introspection

26
Q

what is Introspection

A

experimental or structured self-observation

Look carefully inward to report sensations and
experiences

27
Q

what is Introspection based on

A

Based on the idea that we have an active mind that we can pay attention to

28
Q

who was a big fan of Wundt

A

Edward Titchener

29
Q

what did Edward Titchener translate

A

Translated Wilhelm Wundt’s Physiological Psychology from

German into English

30
Q

who Established experimental study of psychology in the States

A

Edward Titchener

31
Q

what method did Edward Titchener do

A

Used Wundt’s method of introspection but was more strict with this method

32
Q

what was Edward Titchener interested in

A

Only interested in what ‘is’:
¤ The immediate mental experience and not the
purpose of it

33
Q

what did Edward Titchener conclude

A 
All things (sensations, memories) can be broken down into elements
¤ Emphasized associations and how mental elements combined to form complex thoughts
34
Q

what are the main points of Structuralism

A

¤ Systematic, controlled observation
¤ Focused on understanding the structure of the mind, and higher cognitive
processes.

35
Q

what is a criticism of structuralism

A

¤ A criticism was that the experimental methods used to study the structure of the mind were too subjective (not asking the right questions)

36
Q

when did Functionalism happen

A

late 1800

37
Q

what was the focus of Functionalism

A

focused on WHY the mind works

38
Q

what are the main points of functionalism

A

Functionalism focused on WHY the mind works
¤ Not interested in breaking down mental states to basic elements
¤ Mental states, including consciousness, are developed based on the way the mind works and how these functions are adaptive

39
Q

who is associated with functionalism

A

William James

40
Q

how was William James pragmatic

A

¤ Opposed searching for mental elements

¤ Took a practical approach to studying cognition (why do we have these processes)

41
Q

what did James believe

A

¤ Consciousness is personal and cannot be broken down into parts
¤ Consciousness is constantly changing. We never have the exact same idea twice
¤ One needs to take an eclectic methodological approach to study the usefulness of knowledge
¤ Promoted experimentation

42
Q

what is The contribution of functionalism to Cognitive Psychology

A

An emphasis on the functions, applications and experimentations

43
Q

what is the problem with functionalism

A

Some thought that the true goal of psychology should focus on human behavior … what we can see

44
Q

what is behaviourism

A

Shifted from a focus on the mind to behavior

¤ Control is with the outside environment
¤ We should only focus on what is observable ¤ Did not consider intervening mental processes
(cognition/unseen mental processes don’t matter, just look at behaviour)

45
Q

what kind of research did behaviourism do

A

Shifted from human to animal research to be more rigorous

¤ Since the interest is only in overt behavior, this is fine!

46
Q

who is associated with behaviourism

A

Skinner and John Watson

47
Q

explain Skinner and operant conditioning

A

¤ Behavior is contingent on a schedule of rewards and punishments (reinforcements) ¤ One alters behavior through reinforcement
¤ Operant conditioning experiments show that we ‘operate’ according to such a reinforcement schedule

(we change out behaviour based on the situation/reinforcement but we do not notice it)

48
Q

what is the contribution of behaviourism to psychology

A

The contribution to cognitive psychology: An emphasis on rigorous experimentation

49
Q

what are the Problems with behaviorism

A

¤ Failed to account for many aspects of complex human behavior
¤ Assumed that learning was the same for all individuals (relatively the same across species)

50
Q

what are the Limitations of behaviorism

A

does not explain language learning
¤ Behaviorism view: Language is learned through operant conditioning
¤ We learn to say what we are rewarded for
¤ Problem! Operant conditioning can’t explain how children use language and
create new phrases
¤ Children will pluralize objects by adding an ‘s’ even if they have never seen/hear the word (mices)
¤ We need to refer to mental processes to explain this behavior!

51
Q

who is Ulric Neisser and why is he important

A

¤ Revolutionized how we study the mind
¤ The birth of Cognitive Psychology
¤ Internal mental processes matter AND can be studied and measured
¤ We can use our minds to study the mind

52
Q

how is the cognitive revolution different from behaviourism

A

¤ Accepted that there are internal mental states Unlike behaviorism

53
Q

did The cognitive revolution use scientific method

A

¤ Accepted a strong scientific method of inquiry to study these states ¤ Thanks to behaviorism!
¤ Also borrowed from other fields

54
Q

what are the reasons that cognitive psychology came to be

A

¤ Other reasons the ‘revolution’ occurred
¤ There was a rise of technology
¤ The birth of computer science
¤ Helped form the analogy between human mind and computer
¤ Supported the view of the mind as a processor of information

55
Q

what is the Main aim of the cognitive revolution

A

¤ Understanding cognition involves breaking ‘thinking’ down into abstract information processing steps
¤ Like a computer is a set of programs ¤ Like a cake recipe is a set of steps

¤ With this view, the goal of the cognitive revolution is to understand the mental processes happening at each stage of thought

56
Q

what are the main schools of thought for psychology (cognitive)

A

structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, cognition

U1 Psychology of Cognition 213 (21 decks)

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