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Year 1: All Units > PP: Neoplasia > Flashcards

PP: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasia.

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed.

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2
Q

Define dysplasia.

A

A pre-neoplasticism alteration in cells which show disordered tissue organisation.

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3
Q

Why is dysplasia not the same as neoplasia?

A

Dysplasia is reversible.

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4
Q

Define cancer.

A

Any malignant neoplasm

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5
Q

Define metastasis.

A

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site.

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6
Q

Define anaplasia.

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue.

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7
Q

Define pleomorphism.

A

Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei.

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8
Q

Define progression.

A

Accumulation of more mutations leading to a neoplasm.

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9
Q

Define monoclonal population.

A

When all cells have come from the same founding cells.

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10
Q

Define hyperchromasia.

A

Increased nuclear staining

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11
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of a benign tumour.

A

They grow in confined local areas and so have a pushing outer margin.

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12
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of a malignant tumour.

A
  • Irregular outer margin
  • May show areas of necrosis
  • May show areas of ulceration
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13
Q

Describe the microscopic features of a benign tumour. (Differentiation and grade)

A
  • Well differentiated

- Often grade 1 (tubules present, no mitosis or nuclear pleomorphism)

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14
Q

Describe the microscopic features of a malignant tumour. (Differentiation and grade)

A
  • range from well to poorly differentiated

- Grade 3 when poorly differentiated (no tubules present, mitoses and nuclear pleomorphism present)

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15
Q

What is the difference between in-situ and invasive malignancy?

A

In-situ doesn’t breach the epithelial basement membrane, whereas invasive does penetrate.

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16
Q

Describe clonality of neoplasm.

A

They are monoclonal and result fro, a combination of initiators, promotors and progression.

17
Q

Describe the role of proto-oncogenes within neoplasia.

A

Proto-oncogenes become abnormally activated (meaning they are then called oncogenes) favouring neoplasm formation.

18
Q

Describe the role of tumour suppressor genes within neoplasia.

A

These genes usually suppress neoplasm formation, however in states of neoplasia these become inactivated.

19
Q

What is meant by adenoma?

A

Benign glandular tumour

20
Q

What is meant by papilloma?

A

Benign tumour with finger like projections

21
Q

What is meant by carcinoma?

A

Epithelial malignant neoplasm

22
Q

What is meant by sarcoma?

A

Stromal malignant neoplasm

23
Q

What is meant by gliomas?

A

Malignant brain neoplasm (yes I realise this doesn’t fit the rule, and no this is not a mistake)

24
Q

What is meant by lymphomas?

A

Malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes

25
Q

What is meant by germ cell tumours?

A

Arising from pluripotent cells, they mainly affect the testis or ovaries.

26
Q

What is meant by neuroendocrine tumours?

A

neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant.

27
Q

What is meant by blastoma?

A

A blastoma is a type of cancer, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts

28
Q

Describe the process that leads to metastasis.

A
  1. Grow and invade at the primary site
  2. Enter a transport system and lodge at a secondary site
  3. Grow at the secondary site to form a new tumour (colonisation)
29
Q

Name the alterations needed for invasion.

A
  • Alteration in adhesions
  • Alteration in proteolysis
  • Alteration in motility
30
Q

What determines the site of a metastasis?

A
  • Regional drainage of blood, lymph and coelomic fluid

- Seed and soil phenomenon

31
Q

Describe the routes and common sites of a metastasis. Comment on lymphatics, blood and coelomic.

A

Lymphatics: drainage to lymph nodes
Blood: often the next capillary bed
Coelomic: other areas in the coelomic space or adjacent organs.

32
Q

List the common sites for blood-borne metastasis.

A
  • Lung
  • Bone
  • Liver
  • Brain
33
Q

List the neoplasms which most frequently spread to bone.

A
  • Breast
  • Bronchus
  • Kidney
  • Thyroid
  • Prostate
34
Q

Describe the local effects of neoplasms.

A
  • Direct invasion and destruction of normal tissue
  • Ulceration leading to bleeding
  • Compression of adjacent structures
  • Blocking tubs and orifices
35
Q

Describe the general systemic effects of neoplasms.

A
  • Cachexia (reduced appetite and weight loss)
  • malaise
  • immunosupression
  • fever
  • finger clubbing
  • hypercalcaemia
36
Q

What adhesions are involved in malignant cells?

A

E-Cadherin between cells, intergrin between cells and the stromal proteins

Year 1: All Units (66 decks)

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