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Year 1: All Units > MEH: Carbohydrates, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway > Flashcards

MEH: Carbohydrates, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

What can carbohydrates contain?

A

Aldehyde groups, keto groups, multiple hydroxyl groups

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3
Q

What are dextrins?

A

Oligosaccharides

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4
Q

What is starch?

A

Storage molecule in plants which is a polymer of glucose

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5
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage molecule in animals which is a polymer of glucose

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6
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is sucrose composed of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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7
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is lactose composed of?

A

Glucose and galactose

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8
Q

What 2 monosaccharides is maltose composed of?

A

Glucose and glucose

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9
Q

What enzyme is present in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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10
Q

What does amylase in saliva break carbohydrates down into?

A

Dextrins

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11
Q

What does amylase released from the pancreas break carbohydrates down into?

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

Where are disaccharidases found?

A

Attached the brush boarder membrane of epithelial.

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13
Q

What is primary lactase deficiency?

A
  • Absence of lactase persistence allele

- Only occurs in adults

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14
Q

What is secondary lactase deficiency?

A
  • Caused by injury to the small intestine
  • Occurs in children and adults
  • Generally reversible
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15
Q

What is congenital lactase deficiency?

A

Autosomal recessive defect in lactase gene

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16
Q

Name some symptoms of lactose intolerance.

A
  • Boating
  • Cramps
  • Flatulence
  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Rumbling Stomach
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17
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed at the apical membrane?

A

Active transport by sodium dependant glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1)

18
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed at the basal membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion using transport proteins GLUT1- GLUT5

19
Q

Where are GLUT2 basal membrane receptors found?

A
  • kidney
  • liver
  • pancreatic beta cells
  • small intestine
20
Q

Where are GLUT4 basal membrane receptors found?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • striated muscle
  • insulin regulated
21
Q

What is the normal concentration of glucose in blood plasma?

A

~5mM

22
Q

What is absolute requirement?

A

When cells can only metabolise energy from glucose, no other source.

23
Q

Name 4 places that have an absolute requirement.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Kidney medulla
  • Lens of eye
24
Q

What is different about the brain in regards to its metabolism preferences?

A

It prefers glucose as a fuel but can use ketone bodies for some energy requirements in times of starvation but needs time to adapt.

25
Q

Name the 2 phases of glycolysis.

A
  1. Investment

2. Payback

26
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from one glucose during glycolysis?

A

2 molecules

27
Q

What enzyme is required to convert glucose into glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase (glucokinase in liver)

28
Q

What enzyme is required to convert fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

A

Phosphfructokinase-1

29
Q

What enzyme is required to convert phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

30
Q

What is the key control enzyme in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

31
Q

In the first stage of glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated. Why is this necessary?

A
  • Makes glucose negatively charged preventing passage back across the plasma membrane
  • Increases reactivity
32
Q

Reactions 1 and 3 of glycolysis have a large -deltaG. What does this tell you about the reaction?

A

It’s irreversible

33
Q

True or false: rate of glycolysis is up to 200x greater in cancer?

A

True, the uptake of a radioactive modified hexokinase substrate can be measured and imaged using positron emission tomography

34
Q

Name the 2 different ways phosphfructokinase can be regulated.

A
  1. Allosteric (muscle) Inhibited by High ATP, Stimulated by high AMP
  2. Hormonal (liver) Inhibited by glucagon, Stimulated by insulin
35
Q

Name 2 important intermediates of glycolysis and state their importance.

A
  1. Glycerol phosphate (fat synthesis)

2. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (modulates affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen)

36
Q

Is a tissue has no stage 3 or 4 metabolism (I.e. No ECT), what enzyme is required to regenerate NADH?

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

37
Q

Above what concentration is a patient diagnosed as having lactic acidosis?

A

About 5mM

38
Q

What is the purpose of the penthouse phosphate pathway?

A

Used to produce NADPH and ribose sugars

39
Q

Name the rate limiting enzyme in the pentode phosphate pathway.

A

G6PDH

40
Q

Is any energy required during the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Nope:)

Year 1: All Units (66 decks)

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