👩‍⚖️ power & bordere sg2

Question 1

how can political boundaries challenge territorial integrity

Answer 1

increasing amount of disputes over borders = issues with territorial integrity (also challenges state sovereignty)

Question 2

how is kashmir and the r indus an example of political boundaries challenging territorial integrity

Answer 2

kashmir is fought over by india and pakistan after the end of the british colonial rule in 1947
r indus has to be split between india and pakistan
the r indus is the only river supplying pakistan where 92% of land is arid and 50% are employed in agriculture
climate change is adding extra pressure. because the glacier that supplies the river is retreating = reduction in winter water supply

Question 3

how can supranational institutions challenge sovereignty

Answer 3

they represent a level of governance beyond the individual state. membership may result in the ‘surrender’ of some aspects of the country’s sovereignty

Question 4

how is the uk leaving the eu an example of how supranational institutions challenging sovereignty

Answer 4

the uk joined the eu in 1943
challenging sovereignty:
- eu laws were superior to national laws
- an eu law is agreed to by a majority vote so uk must abide
enhancing sovereignty:
- polled sovereignty = eu member states can achieve more together
- uk had power to veto proposals made by EU eg euro

Question 5

how can political dominance of ethnic groups challenge sovereignty and territorial integrity

Answer 5

the geographical distribution of ethnic groups does not always coincide with current political boundaries
- separatism: where a group demands autonomy/independence

Question 6

how are the basques an example of ethnic groups challenging sovereignty and territorial integrity

Answer 6

the basques feel they have a very unique culture so want to be separate.
they were given autonomy (own police force and parliament)
terrorism attacks to spanish gov = 800 killed
they contribute €800 million a year to madrid

Question 7

how can TNCs challenge sovereignty

Answer 7

it can result in
- disrespect towards human rights in the work force
- disregard state’s environmental laws
- control over political decision making

Question 8

how is shell in nigeria an example of how tncs can challenge sovereignty

Answer 8

• oil = 80% of nigerias revenue
• shell is the biggest oil TNC in the country
• shell = 50% of total oil output
• for every barrel of oil sold by shell, nigeria receives tax & royalties
• 7000 oil spills in niger delta between 1970-2000
• means government is heavily reliant on shell for money so will dismiss their own laws and policies

Question 9

what is the cause of challenges to sovereignty in afghanistan

Answer 9

• lack of national identity & a very multi ethnic society = conflict as some people feel the government isn’t representative
• weak gov and poor state apparatus = law & order lost = war and conflict
• population tired of conflict as they have been in it for the past 10 years, when the Taliban said they’d remove conflict = popularity

Question 10

what were the impacts of challenges to sovereignty on the people of afghanistan

Answer 10

• strict sharia law = human rights violation & severe punishment
• 6 million refugees
• high unemployment, poverty and food insecurity
• opium farming ban = less income
• supported al quada (responsive for 9/11) = us invasion = 1000 killed

Question 11

what were the impacts of this challenge to sovereignty on places

Answer 11

• buddhas of banian blown up = loss of world heritage site
• civil war: taliban vs northern alliance
• internationally isolated = less foreign aid/ trade
• threatened to destabilise other countries eg pakistan
• pakistan and iran faced financial burden due to 6mil refugees