✈️ migration sg3 Flashcards
what happened in afghanistan between 1979-1989
war with russia:
communists try to modernise country to have equal rights
resistance from mujahadeen which lasted 10 years
UN tried to make peace agreement but failed
president killed = mujahadeen victory
900,000 afghans. returned home
what happened to afghanistan between 1996-2001
taliban took control of government
strict sharia law = gender inequality, no fun etc
al queda were allowed to run terrorist training camps
9/11 = usa invasion = removal of taliban and al queda
6 million refugees
what happened in afghanistan in 2001
UN established ISAF (peacekeeping)
first democratic election so Hamid Karzai became president
lots of ppl returned home
3 mil students return to school
what happened to afghanistan in 2021
Taliban took control
reinstated restrictions on women
unemployment = 40%
neighbouring countries tightened border controls
families selling organs and children
1.6 mil refugees to neighbouring countries
where do refugees from afghanistan go, and why, and %
pakistan (60%), iran (35%) - neighbouring countries, same culture, large borders, no intervening obstacles
other (5%) - safety
what is the solutions strategy
implemented in 2012
involved UNHCR, afghanistan, iran, pakistan
3 main aims:
- support afghanistan voluntary repatriation
- support refugees by helping them economically (eg jobs)
- support to host countries (iran and pakistan)
success of solutions strategy
between 2002-2018 5.2 million afghans returned
20% of population are returnees
limitations of solution strategy
less refugees returned over the years
still 2nd largest country of origin
91% of refugees hosted by only 2 countries
why do people leave afghanistan
gdp is $2000 which is 7x below average
55% below poverty line
life expectancy is only 51
literacy rate is 38%
hdi = 0.479
23% work i’m agriculture
what are the opportunities that come from migration out of afghanistan
-78% of families receive remittances (30% of gdp) to help reach daily needs
- temporary return of qualified nationals (TRQN) = highly skilled afghans returning from Netherlands to do temporary work in afghanistan to help transfer knowledge
- return of qualified afghans (RQA) = 1500 skilled afghans return from netherlands to fill specialised vacancies
what are the challenges of migration out of afghanistan
- farmland was abandoned so only 6% of land is cultivated
- 55% under poverty line
- 70% of Kabul is informal settlements
- 23% of Afghan graduates emigrated in 2000 in search of better jobs
- shortage of skilled professionals = brain drain
- returnees have lost links with family and friends
- unemployment is 40%
socio economic interdependence between afghans and pakistani pashtun tribe
pashtun ethic group is 30% of afghanistan population & 20% of pakistan
separated by the durand line
don’t consider themselves afghan or pakistani just pashtun
cross border migration is a way of life
political interdependence between afghanistan and pakistan
afghanistan - pakistan action plan for peace and solidarity aimed to eliminate terrorism & achieve peace, stability, prosperity & development
economic interdependence between afghanistan and pakistan
both members of south asian association of regional cooperation
main objective is to achieve free trade in south asia
54% afghanistan trade transits through pakistan
