Post Midterm - 7

Question 1

How old are infants until they recognize others’ facial expressions?

Answer 1

From 5 months and on.

Question 2

What is social referencing?

Answer 2

When children look at something new, they look at their caregiver, and if the caregiver has a happy look, the child continues, if the caregiver has a scared look, the child gets worried.

Question 3

What higher order emotions develop at 18 months?

Answer 3

Sense of self as unique. Sensitive to blame and praise. Notice achievement-related and moral behaviour.

Question 4

What high order emotions develop at 3 years?

Answer 4

Self-evaluation using feedback about worth.

Question 5

What is self-consciousness?

Answer 5

Emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of the child’s sense of self.

Question 6

What are the self-conscious emotions?

Answer 6

Shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride.

Question 7

Emotional self-regulation improves gradually, with the development of what?

Answer 7

Development of the cerebral cortex.

Question 8

______ contribute to child’s self-regulation style.

Answer 8

Caregivers.

Question 9

Wahta re the four temperaments? (also what % of children)

Answer 9

Easy - 40%
Difficult - 10%
Slow-to-warm-up - 15%
Unclassified - 35%

Question 10

Review

Answer 10

Rothbart’s Model of Temperament

Question 11

What are the biological developments of shyness?

Answer 11

React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli, high heart rates, stress hormones and symptoms, higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity.

Question 12

What are the biological developments of sociability?

Answer 12

React positively and approaches new stimuli, low heart rates and stress hormones, higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity.

Question 13

Is there long term prediction for stability of temperament?

Answer 13

Yes, best achieved after age 3. Extreme changes are unlikely.

Question 14

What factors influence temperament?

Answer 14

Many factors influence temperament, including the biological systems on which temperament is based on effortful control and parenting experiences.

Question 15

What are the genetic influences in temperament?

Answer 15

Responsible for about half of individual differences.

Question 16

What are the environmental influences in temperament?

Answer 16

Cultural caregiving styles, boys and girls treated differently, parents emphasize sibling differences.

Question 17

What is the goodness-of-fit model for temperament?

Answer 17

Combines genetic and environment.

Question 18

What life conditions affects how effective parents are?

Answer 18

Good parental mental health, marital happiness, favourable economic conditions.

Question 19

What is bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment?

Answer 19

Look up in text.

1. Pre-attachment
2. Attachment in the making
3. Clear-cut attachment
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship.

Question 20

How do we know about attachment? (methods/measurements)

Answer 20

1. Strange situation

2. Q-sorts

Question 21

What is the “strange situation”?

Answer 21

The parent comes in with the child and leaves them with the stranger (researcher) - and then we see how the child reacts.

Question 22

What is Q-sort attachment?

Answer 22

Method for children between 1 and 4 years go age. Relies on home observations of up to 90 behaviours. Better reflects parent-child relationship in everyday life. It is a time-consuming method that does not differentiate between types of insecurity.

Question 23

What is secure attachment?

Answer 23

60% - Use the parents as a secure base. Actively seek contact with the parent when he or she returns.

Question 24

What is avoidant attachment?

Answer 24

15% - Seems unresponsive to the parent. Slow to greet the parent upon reunion.

Question 25

What is resistant attachment?

Answer 25

10% - Seek closeness to the parent. Distressed and angry when the parent return.

Question 26

Disorganized/ disoriented attachment?

Answer 26

15% - Pattern reflects greatest insecurity. At reunion, often show confused and contradictory behaviours.

Question 27

What are factors that affect attachment security?

Answer 27

Early consistent caregiver, quality of caregiving (sensitive, interactional), infant characteristics, family circumstances, parents’ internal working models.