Midterm 2 - 5

Question 1

Eriksons theory: Initiative vs guilt. What is intiative?

Answer 1

Eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers, play permits trying out new skills, act out highly visible occupations

Question 2

Eriksons theory: Initiative vs guilt. What is guilt?

Answer 2

Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt. Related to excessive threats, criticism, punishment from adults.

Question 3

self concept is based on what observable characteristics?

Answer 3

Appearance, possessions, behaviour.

Question 4

What helps define the boundaries of the self?

Answer 4

Asserting rights to objects e.g. “mine!”

Question 5

What is our self-esteem?

Answer 5

Judgments we make about our own worth.

Question 6

What does self-esteem affect?

Answer 6

Preschoolers’ initiatives

Question 7

What age does esteem start to develop about learning, school readiness, making friends, etc.

Answer 7

Age 4

Question 8

What does higher esteem lead to?

Answer 8

Leads to new social skills

Question 9

What does lower esteem lead to?

Answer 9

Leads to giving up easily so reduced experience

Question 10

What emotional development happens in early childhood (2-6 years)?

Answer 10

Parenting strongly influences preschoolers emotional competence, understanding of others emotions is increasingly accurate, emotional self-regulation improves, more self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt) as self-concept develops, empathy, sympathy and prosocial behaviour increases.

Question 11

What is empathy?

Answer 11

Feeling with another

Question 12

What is sympathy?

Answer 12

Add desire to make things better

Question 13

What is moral development?

Answer 13

Understanding owns emotions + other’s emotions + self regulation + self-conscious emotions + empathy and sympathy

Question 14

As preschoolers age, how does their cognitive development and emotional understanding change?

Answer 14

Judge causes of emotions better, predict actions based on emotions, help relieve others’ feelings.

Question 15

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 15

Sense consequences, see behavioural signs accurately, realize thinking goes along with feeling, sorting out conflicts, know wha might help. BENEFITTING OTHERS WITHOUT EXPECTATIONS OF RETURN TO SELF.

Question 16

What are some behaviours that caregivers can do to help with emotional understanding and social experience?

Answer 16

Label and explain emotions, discuss feelings that highlight the emotional significance of events, acknowledge diverse emotional reactions.

Question 17

What are some behaviours that siblings and friends can do to help with emotional understanding and social experience?

Answer 17

Negotiate, act out emotions in play, help increase social skills.

Question 18

What helps children improve their ability to regulate their emotions?

Answer 18

Language and effortful control.

Question 19

What are aspects of self-regulation?

Answer 19

Negative emotions are harder to manage but are crucial to improve social relations, warm parents improve child stress, parental unresolved anger = poor child emotion management.

Question 20

What do self-conscious emotions involve?

Answer 20

Involve injury to or enhancement of self.

Question 21

What does intense shame lead to?

Answer 21

Inadequacy.

Question 22

What does guilt (healthy guilt) lead to?

Answer 22

Adjustment

Question 23

What are common fears of early childhood?

Answer 23

Monsters, ghosts, darkness, preschool/child care, animals, phobias are possible.

Question 24

What is nonsocial activity? (peer sociability in play)

Answer 24

Unoccupied, solitary play.

Question 25

What is parallel play? (peer sociability in play)

Answer 25

Plays near other children with similar toys, but does not try to influence them.

Question 26

What is associative play? (peer sociability in play)

Answer 26

Engage in separate activities, but exchange toys and comments.

Question 27

What is cooperative play? (peer sociability in play)

Answer 27

Children work toward a common goal (like make-believe play).

Question 28

What are the cognitive play categories?

Answer 28

Functional play - 0-2
Constructive play - 3-6
Make-believe play 2-6

Question 29

What is functional play?

Answer 29

Simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects.

Question 30

What is constructive play?

Answer 30

Creating or constructing something

Question 31

What is make-believe play?

Answer 31

Acting out everyday and imaginative roles

Question 32

What does social ability to contribute to?

Answer 32

academic performance

Question 33

What are the characteristics of early childhood friendships?

Answer 33

Someone who likes you, plays with you and shares toys. Friendships change frequently. Friends are more reinforcing, emotionally expressive than non-friends.

Question 34

Information-Processing model of social problem solving

Answer 34

See in powerpoint slide.

Question 35

What are direct parental influences on early peer relations?

Answer 35

Arrange informal peer activities. Allow child to act as host. Provide guidance on how to act toward others.

Question 36

What are indirect parental influences on early peer relations?

Answer 36

Secure attachment. Emotionally expressive, and supportive communication. Parent-child play models good behaviours.