Post Midterm 2 - 6

Question 1

What does the power of inductive discipline do? (psychodynamic perspective)

Answer 1

Encourages sympathy and concern, which motivates prosocial behaviour. Gives children reason for changing their behaviour and encourages moral standards that make sense.

Question 2

What are the characteristics for the social-learning perspective?

Answer 2

See good models of moral behaviour. Warmth and responsiveness. Competence and power. Consistency between words and behaviour.

Question 3

What is known about punishment in early childhood?

Answer 3

Physical punishment and frequent punishment have undesirable side effects.

Question 4

Why does physical punishment have undesirable side effects?

Answer 4

Models aggression, children react with anger and resentment, develop poor relationships with punitive parent, use of corporal punishment may transfer to next generation.

Question 5

What is the relationship of parental corporal punishment to externalizing behaviour?

Answer 5

Increased difficult temperament.

Question 6

What is the prevalence of corporal punishment by childs age?

Answer 6

Highest percentage of corporal punishment around 4 years old, then declines.

Question 7

How is the effectiveness of punishment increased?

Answer 7

Consistency, warm parent-child relationship, explanations.

Question 8

What are alternatives to punishment?

Answer 8

Time-out, withdrawing privileges, positive discipline.

Question 9

What is positive discipline?

Answer 9

Prepare, reward good acts and connect to long term goals.

Question 10

What is the cognitive developmental perspective of moral development?

Answer 10

Teach children to think actively about social rules and make good moral judgments.

Question 11

When does the cognitive developmental perspective of moral development start to show?

Answer 11

Age 4

Question 12

How can you use positive discipline to encourage moral development?

Answer 12

Use transgressions as an opportunity to teach, provide reasons for rules, encourage mature behaviour, be sensitive to children’s physical and emotional resources.

Question 13

What are moral imperatives? (moral dev)

Answer 13

Protect peoples’ rights and welfare. Victims and other children fact strongly to moral offences. Adults explain rights and feelings of victims.

Question 14

What are social conventions? (moral dev)

Answer 14

Customs such as table manners or dress styles. Peers seldom react to violations of social convention.

Question 15

What is the social learning perspective of moral development?

Answer 15

Children watch others’ reactions to imperatives vs social conventions. Watch adults deal with rule violations. Hear discussions about moral issues.

Question 16

By age 2, children show two distinct aggressive acts, what are they?

Answer 16

1) proactive - fulfull a desire or need.

2) reactive - hurt others for hurting you.

Question 17

What are the three types of aggression?

Answer 17

Physical, verbal, relational.

Question 18

What is physical aggression?

Answer 18

Harms others through physical injury or destroying another’ property.

Question 19

What is verbal aggression?

Answer 19

Harms others through threats or physical aggression, name-calling or hostile teasing.

Question 20

What is relational aggression?

Answer 20

Damages another’ peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation.

Question 21

How is aggression seen differently in gender? (as toddlers)

Answer 21

At 20 months, boys are more physical and girls are more relationally aggressive.

Question 22

What are the sources of aggression?

Answer 22

Individual differences (temperament), family (harsh, inconsistent discipline, cycles of discipline) and television (watching tv violence).

Question 23

What are the gender differences in aggression?

Answer 23

Boys are negative, impulsive and disobedient kids leads to higher aggression, mental health problems and social skills deficits. Girls go quiet.

Question 24

What is the relationship between childhood tv viewing and later aggression?

Answer 24

As hours per day of TV viewing increase, the number of aggressive acts in adolescence/ early adulthood increase.

Question 25

How can you help parents with aggressive children?

Answer 25

Early breaking the cycle of hostility, combine commands with reasons, replace insults and spankings with inductive discipline, teach social (problem-solving) skills, reduce poverty and disorganization in communities.

Question 26

What are gender stereotypes?

Answer 26

Views of appropriate characteristics of males and females.

Question 27

What are gender roles?

Answer 27

Reflections of stereotypes in everyday behaviour.

Question 28

What is gender identity?

Answer 28

One’s self perception as masculine or feminine.

Question 29

What is gender typing?

Answer 29

Any association of objects, activities, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

Question 30

What are the influences on gender typing?

Answer 30

Genetic (hormones, evolution) and environmental (family, teachers, peers, etc).