Post-Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is experience-expectant growth?

A

Ordinary experiences “Expected” by brain to grow normally. Occurs early and naturally.

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2
Q

What is experience-dependent growth?

A

Specific experience, varies widely across cultures. Rushing early learning can overwhelm young brains.

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3
Q

When does sleeping patterns move to an adult-like night and day schedule?

A

during the first year

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4
Q

When does sleep need to decline?

A

Sleep needs to decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.

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5
Q

When do night wakings increase?

A

Increase between the ages of 1.5 and 2 years, and then decline.

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6
Q

What are sleeping patterns affected by?

A

Brain development and social environment.

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7
Q

Cosleeping is the norm for __% of the world’s population?

A

90%

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8
Q

What cultural values strongly influence sleeping arrangements?

A

Cultural values from collectivism versus individualism

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9
Q

What is cosleeping like in the united states?

A

Increasing, perhaps because more mothers are breastfeeding.

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10
Q

What are three important influences on early growth?

A

Heredity, nutrition, emotional well-being.

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11
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

A

Correct fat-protein balance, nutritionally complete, promotes healthy growth patterns, disease protection, better jaw and tooth development, ensures digestibility, easier transition to solid food.

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12
Q

Are chubby babies at risk for later obesity?

A

Research shows a relationship between rapid weight gain infancy and later obesity.

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13
Q

What should you do to prevent chubby babies?

A

Breastfeed for six months, avoid foods loaded with sugar, salt and saturated fats, promote physical exercise, limit TV viewing time.

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14
Q

What are the types of malnutrition?

A

Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, Iron-deficiency anemia, food insecurity.

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15
Q

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

A

Physical symptoms, growth and weight problems, poor motor development, learning and attention problems, passivity, irritability, anxiety.

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16
Q

_________ is as vital as food for healthy physical growth.

A

Affection

17
Q

What happens to infants whose weight, heigh and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms?

A

Growth faltering.

18
Q

What can disturb a childs emotional well-being?

A

Infants are withdrawn and apathetic, often a result of disturbed parent-child relationship, unhappy marriage or parental psychological disturbance may be at fault, may cause lasting cognitive and emotional difficulties.

19
Q

Psychosocial dwarfism, failure to thrive

A

textbook I think.

20
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Increases probability of behaviour occurring again. Presenting desirable stimulus and removing unpleasant stimulus.

21
Q

What is punishment?

A

Reduces probability of behaviour occurring again. Presenting an unpleasant stimulus and removing a desirable stimulus.

22
Q

_________ is a powerful method of learning.

A

Imitation

23
Q

When is it difficult to induce imitation in babies?

A

More difficult at ages 2 to 3 months old rather than right after birth.

24
Q

What do mirror neurons do?

A

Enable us to observe another person’s behaviour while simulating that behaviour in our own brain.

25
Q

What is gross motor development?

A

Crawling, standing, walking

26
Q

What is fine motor development?

A

Reaching and grasping

27
Q

What are the four factors in each new skill (motor skills as a dynamic system)?

A
  1. CNS develop,met
  2. Body’s movement capacity
  3. Child’s goals
  4. Environmental supports
28
Q

How do home environments and infant rearing practices effect motor development?

A
  • Some cultures discourage rapid motor progress
  • Kenya and West Indians of Jamaica teach early motor skills
  • Western parents consider crawling and “tummy time” essential, but not all cultures do
29
Q

What are the milestones of reaching?

A

Newborn: pre-reaching
3-4 months: Reaching with ulnar grasp
4-5 months: Transfer object from hand to hand
9 months: pincer grasp

30
Q

When is toilet training best delated?

A

Until the months following their second birthday.

31
Q

What are effective training techniques for bowel and bladder control?

A

Establishing regular toiling routines. Using gentle encouragement. Praising children for their effort.

32
Q

What ages do we see improvements in vision?

A

2-4 months: focus and colour vision
6 months: acuity, scanning and tracking
6-7 months: depth perception

33
Q

What are the steps in depth perception?

A

Birth - 1 month: Sensitivity to motion cues
2-3 months: Sensitivity to binocular cues
6-7 months: Sensitivity to pictorial cues and wariness of heights