Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the domains of development?

Answer 1

Physical, cognitive, social and emotional

Question 2

What are the periods of development?

Answer 2

Prenatal, Infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Question 3

What age is prenatal?

Answer 3

Conception to birth

Question 4

What age is infancy and toddlerhood?

Answer 4

Birth - 2 years

Question 5

What age is early childhood?

Answer 5

2 - 6 years

Question 6

What age is middle childhood?

Answer 6

6 - 11 years

Question 7

What age is adolescence?

Answer 7

11 - 18 years

Question 8

What age is emerging adulthood?

Answer 8

18 - 25 years

Question 9

What is the physical domain of development?

Answer 9

Changes in body size and proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, health, perceptual and motor capacities.

Question 10

What is the cognitive domain of development?

Answer 10

Intellectual abilities

Question 11

What is the emotional and social domain of development?

Answer 11

Emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about others, interpersonal skills and relationships.

Question 12

What is a theory?

Answer 12

An orderly, integrated set of statements that: describes behaviour, explains behaviour and predicts behaviour.

Question 13

What are basic issues in development? (3)

Answer 13

1. Is development continuous or discontinuous?
2. Is there one course of development or many possible courses?
3. Relative influence of nature and nurture?

Question 14

What is nature? (development)

Answer 14

Inborn, biologic givens based on genetic inheritance

Question 15

What is nurture? (development)

Answer 15

Physical and social world. Influences biological and psychological development.

Question 16

What is stability? (stability vs plasticity)

Answer 16

Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later age. Early experience may have a lifelong impact.

Question 17

What is plasticity? (stability vs plasticity)

Answer 17

Change is possible, based on experiences.

Question 18

When you look for resilience in children, what factors do you look at?

Answer 18

1. Personal characteristics
2. A warm parental relationship
3. Social support outside of the immediate family
4. Community resources and opportunities

Question 19

What were the historical views of childhood: Medieval era?

Answer 19

Childhood (7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs and protections

Question 20

What were the historical views of childhood: 16th century?

Answer 20

Puritan “child depravity” views

Question 21

What were the historical views of childhood: 17th century?

Answer 21

John Locke “tabula rasa” or “blank slate” view; continuous development

Question 22

What were the historical views of childhood: 18th century?

Answer 22

Rousseau: “noble savages” view; natural maturation.

Question 23

What is evolutionary theory?

Answer 23

Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest are still influential.

Question 24

What is the normative approach?

Answer 24

Age-related averages based on measurements of large numbers of children.

Question 25

What is mental testing movement?

Answer 25

Binet & Simon: Early developers of intelligence tests.

Question 26

What are Freud's three parts of the personality?

Answer 26

Id, Ego and Superego

Question 27

What is the Id?

Answer 27

Largest portion of the mind, unconscious and present at birth. Source of biological needs and desires.

Question 28

What is the ego?

Answer 28

Conscious, rational part of the mine. Emerges in early infancy. Redirects id impulses acceptably.

Question 29

What is the superego?

Answer 29

The conscience. Develops from ages 3-6, from interactions with caregivers.

Question 30

What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

Answer 30

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 31

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 31

Stimulus - Response

Question 32

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 32

Reinforces and punishments

Question 33

What is the social-cognitive approach?

Answer 33

Modeling and self-efficacy.

Question 34

What are the three components to social learning theory?

Answer 34

Modeling or observational learning, cognition and personal standards.

Question 35

What is modelling or observational learning?

Answer 35

E.g. baby claps her hands after her mother does.

Question 36

What are personal standards (in social learning theory)?

Answer 36

Children being to believe their own abilities will help them.

Question 37

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 37

Combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviours and increase desirable responses. E.g., encourage children to go to school by giving them candies at the end of the day.

Question 38

What are the limitations of behaviourism and social learning theory?

Answer 38

1. Too narrow a view of important environmental influences. | 2. Bandura's work is unique in that it grants children an active role in their learning.

Question 39

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Answer 39

PUT IN CHARTS

Question 40

How are neuroscientists involved in development?

Answer 40

Trying to identify the types of experiences that support or undermine brain development.

Question 41

FINISH SLIDES.

Answer 41

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