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PSYC 213 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the domains of development?

A

Physical, cognitive, social and emotional

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2
Q

What are the periods of development?

A

Prenatal, Infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood.

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3
Q

What age is prenatal?

A

Conception to birth

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4
Q

What age is infancy and toddlerhood?

A

Birth - 2 years

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5
Q

What age is early childhood?

A

2 - 6 years

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6
Q

What age is middle childhood?

A

6 - 11 years

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7
Q

What age is adolescence?

A

11 - 18 years

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8
Q

What age is emerging adulthood?

A

18 - 25 years

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9
Q

What is the physical domain of development?

A

Changes in body size and proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, health, perceptual and motor capacities.

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10
Q

What is the cognitive domain of development?

A

Intellectual abilities

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11
Q

What is the emotional and social domain of development?

A

Emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about others, interpersonal skills and relationships.

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12
Q

What is a theory?

A

An orderly, integrated set of statements that: describes behaviour, explains behaviour and predicts behaviour.

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13
Q

What are basic issues in development? (3)

A
  1. Is development continuous or discontinuous?
  2. Is there one course of development or many possible courses?
  3. Relative influence of nature and nurture?
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14
Q

What is nature? (development)

A

Inborn, biologic givens based on genetic inheritance

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15
Q

What is nurture? (development)

A

Physical and social world. Influences biological and psychological development.

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16
Q

What is stability? (stability vs plasticity)

A

Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later age. Early experience may have a lifelong impact.

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17
Q

What is plasticity? (stability vs plasticity)

A

Change is possible, based on experiences.

18
Q

When you look for resilience in children, what factors do you look at?

A
  1. Personal characteristics
  2. A warm parental relationship
  3. Social support outside of the immediate family
  4. Community resources and opportunities
19
Q

What were the historical views of childhood: Medieval era?

A

Childhood (7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs and protections

20
Q

What were the historical views of childhood: 16th century?

A

Puritan “child depravity” views

21
Q

What were the historical views of childhood: 17th century?

A

John Locke “tabula rasa” or “blank slate” view; continuous development

22
Q

What were the historical views of childhood: 18th century?

A

Rousseau: “noble savages” view; natural maturation.

23
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest are still influential.

24
Q

What is the normative approach?

A

Age-related averages based on measurements of large numbers of children.

25
Q

What is mental testing movement?

A

Binet & Simon: Early developers of intelligence tests.

26
Q

What are Freud’s three parts of the personality?

A

Id, Ego and Superego

27
Q

What is the Id?

A

Largest portion of the mind, unconscious and present at birth. Source of biological needs and desires.

28
Q

What is the ego?

A

Conscious, rational part of the mine. Emerges in early infancy. Redirects id impulses acceptably.

29
Q

What is the superego?

A

The conscience. Develops from ages 3-6, from interactions with caregivers.

30
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

31
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Stimulus - Response

32
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Reinforces and punishments

33
Q

What is the social-cognitive approach?

A

Modeling and self-efficacy.

34
Q

What are the three components to social learning theory?

A

Modeling or observational learning, cognition and personal standards.

35
Q

What is modelling or observational learning?

A

E.g. baby claps her hands after her mother does.

36
Q

What are personal standards (in social learning theory)?

A

Children being to believe their own abilities will help them.

37
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

Combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviours and increase desirable responses. E.g., encourage children to go to school by giving them candies at the end of the day.

38
Q

What are the limitations of behaviourism and social learning theory?

A
  1. Too narrow a view of important environmental influences.

2. Bandura’s work is unique in that it grants children an active role in their learning.

39
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

PUT IN CHARTS

40
Q

How are neuroscientists involved in development?

A

Trying to identify the types of experiences that support or undermine brain development.

41
Q

FINISH SLIDES.

A

….

PSYC 213 (30 decks)

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