Possible Oral Questions -> Back/LE/UE

Question 1

Name the parts and respective branches of the axillary artery

Answer 1

Part 1 -> superior thoracic artery
Part 2 -> lateral thoracic artery, thoracoacromial trunk (CPAD -> clavicular, pectoral, acromial, deltoid artery)
Part 3 -> posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, subscapular artery (thoracodorsal artery, circumflex scapular artery)

Question 2

What divides the axillary artery? Name the borders of each part.

Answer 2

Pectoralis minor divides
Part 1: scapula -> pectoralis minor
Part 2: under pectoralis minor
Part 3: pectoralis minor -> teres major

Question 3

What are the spaces of the scapula? Name the borders and components of each.

Answer 3

Triangular space
Borders: teres minor (superior), teres major (inferior), long head of triceps brachii (lateral)
Components: circumflex scapular artery
Quadrangular space
Borders: teres minor (superior), teres major (inferior), long head of triceps brachii (medial), humerus (lateral)
Components: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery
Triangular interval
Borders: teres major (superior), long head of triceps brachii (medial), humerus (lateral)
Components: radial nerve, profunda brachii artery

Question 4

Name ten muscles that attach to the scapula, and where they attach

Answer 4

Infraspinatus -> infraspinatus fossa
Supraspinatus -> supraspinatus fossa
Subscapularis -> subscapular fossa
Coracoid process -> short head of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, pectoralis minor
Medial border of scapula -> serratus anterior, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
Superior angle of scapula -> levator scapulae
Inferior angle of scapula -> teres minor
Spine of scapula/acromion process -> trapezius, deltoid

Question 5

Name the muscles of the rotator cuff group. What are their innervations? Where do they attach?

Answer 5

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus innervated by suprascapular nerve, teres minor innervated by axillary nerve, subscapularis innervated by subscapular nerve
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor attach onto greater tubercle of humerus, subscapularis attaches to lesser tubercle

Question 6

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus? What are their spinal cord levels?

Answer 6

Musculocutaneous nerve C5-C7
Median nerve C5-T1
Axillary nerve C5-C6
Radial nerve C5-T1
Ulnar nerve C8-T1

Question 7

What are the carpal bones? Which one is commonly fractured? Which one is commonly dislocated?

Answer 7

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
Commonly fractured -> scaphoid
Commonly dislocated -> lunate

Question 8

What are ten things that run through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 8

4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, 4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, median nerve, tendon of flexor pollicis longus

Question 9

What are the layers of back muscles? Which one is innervated by dorsal rami?

Answer 9

Superficial part 1 -> trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Superficial part 2 -> rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae
Intermediate -> serratus muscle group
Deep -> erector spinae group, spinotransversales group, transversospinal group
Deep back muscles innervated by dorsal rami

Question 10

What are the 5 reflexes? What are their spinal cord levels?

Answer 10

Biceps brachii -> C5-C6
Brachioradialis -> C5-C6
Triceps brachii -> C7-C8
Patellar reflex -> L2-L4
Achilles (calcaneal) reflex -> S1-S2

Question 11

Describe Erb’s Palsy. What has occurred? How does it present? Why does it present this way? Where is the sensory loss?

Answer 11

Upper brachial plexus injury
Waiter’s tip -> medially rotated, adducted, extended, and wrist flexed
Adducted -> abductors are paralyzed
Medially rotated -> lateral rotators are paralyzed
Extended -> elbow flexors are paralyzed
Wrist flexed -> wrist extensors are paralyzed
Sensory loss is C5-C6 dermatome

Question 12

Describe carpal tunnel syndrome. What are the symptoms? What are structures at risk during carpal tunnel release?

Answer 12

Entrapment of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
Symptoms -> weakness in flexion, abduction, and opposition, wasting of thenar eminence, and loss of grasp
5 structures at risk
Ulnar artery
Superficial branch of radial artery
Palmar branch of median nerve
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
Recurrent branch of median nerve

Question 13

Suboccipital triangle -> bony landmarks, muscles, and contents

Answer 13

Bones: Occipital bone, posterior arch of C1, transverse processes of C1, spinous process (&TPs) of C2
Muscles: obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor
Contents: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)

Question 14

List the muscles in the arm, first anterior, then posterior. Also state the innervation for each.

Answer 14

A: Short head of biceps brachii, long head of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
P: lateral, long, and medial head of triceps brachii, anconeus
Innervation: radial nerve

Question 15

List the muscles of the anterior forearm, from superficial to deep. State the innervation.

Answer 15

Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus
All innervated by median nerve except for medial side of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 16

List the divisions of axillary as it descends down through the arm

Answer 16

Subclavian artery -> axillary artery
Axillary artery -> brachial artery
Brachial artery -> radial & ulnar
Radial artery -> radial recurrent
Ulnar artery -> common interosseus
Common interosseus -> posterior & anterior interosseus

Question 17

Describe 2LOAF and its innervation, and 1LAFF and its innervation

Answer 17

2LOAF -> 2 lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis -> median n.
1LAFF -> 1st lumbrical, abductor hallicus, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallicus brevis -> medial plantar n.

Question 18

Popliteal fossa: borders, contents

Answer 18

Borders: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius
Contents: popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve -> tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, sural nerve

Question 19

List order of lumbar puncture

Answer 19

skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space containing the internal vertebral venous plexus, dura, arachnoid, and finally the subarachnoid space

Question 20

List the boundaries of femoral triangle, and its components. Name two things that could occur/be done within this region.

Answer 20

Boundaries: inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius muscle
Components: femoral nerve, artery, vein, “empty” space, lymphatics
What can occur: femoral hernia, femoral nerve block

Question 21

Radial nerve injury at midshaft -> signs/symptoms

Answer 21

Wrist extension decreased, wrist drop present, muscles that display dysfunction are the extensors of the forearm

Question 22

List 10 things that attach onto the ox coxa

Answer 22

Ischial tuberosity -> semimembranosus m., long head of biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., sacrotuberous ligament
ASIS -> sartorius m., inguinal ligament
AIIS -> rectus femoris muscle
Pectineal line -> pectineus muscle
Iliac fossa -> iliacus
Ischial spine -> sacrospinous ligament

Question 23

List all the myotomes of the lower extremity

Answer 23

Hip flexion -> L1-L3
Knee extension -> L2-L4
Dorsiflexion -> L4-L5
Toe extension -> L5-S1
Toe flexion -> S1-S2
Knee flexion -> L5-S1
Hip extension -> L5-S1
Eversion -> L5-S2
Inversion -> L4-L5

Question 24

List all the myotomes of the hand

Answer 24

Wrist extension -> C6
Wrist flexion -> C7
Finger extension -> C7
Finger flexion -> C8
Finger abduction/adduction -> T1

Question 25

List all the myotomes of the upper extremity

Answer 25

Shoulder adduction -> C5-T1
Elbow flexion -> C5-C6
Wrist flexion -> C7
Finger flexion -> C8
Finger abduction/adduction -> T1
Finger extension -> C7
Wrist extension -> C6
Elbow extension -> C6-C8
Shoulder abduction -> C5-C6

Question 26

List all the pulses of the upper and lower extremity

Answer 26

Axillary, brachial, radial -> upper extremity
Femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis -> lower extremity

Question 27

What is the femoral ring formed by? What compartment within what can it be found?

Answer 27

Found inside the medial space of the femoral sheath -> contains lymph nodes and adipose tissue
Anterior -> inguinal ligament
Medial -> lacunar ligament, conjoint tendon
Posterior -> pectineal ligament (Cooper’s ligament), superior ramus of pubis, pectineus muscle
Lateral -> femoral sheath (femoral vein)