Possible Oral Questions -> Back/LE/UE Flashcards
Name the parts and respective branches of the axillary artery
Part 1 -> superior thoracic artery
Part 2 -> lateral thoracic artery, thoracoacromial trunk (CPAD -> clavicular, pectoral, acromial, deltoid artery)
Part 3 -> posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, subscapular artery (thoracodorsal artery, circumflex scapular artery)
What divides the axillary artery? Name the borders of each part.
Pectoralis minor divides
Part 1: scapula -> pectoralis minor
Part 2: under pectoralis minor
Part 3: pectoralis minor -> teres major
What are the spaces of the scapula? Name the borders and components of each.
Triangular space
Borders: teres minor (superior), teres major (inferior), long head of triceps brachii (lateral)
Components: circumflex scapular artery
Quadrangular space
Borders: teres minor (superior), teres major (inferior), long head of triceps brachii (medial), humerus (lateral)
Components: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery
Triangular interval
Borders: teres major (superior), long head of triceps brachii (medial), humerus (lateral)
Components: radial nerve, profunda brachii artery
Name ten muscles that attach to the scapula, and where they attach
Infraspinatus -> infraspinatus fossa
Supraspinatus -> supraspinatus fossa
Subscapularis -> subscapular fossa
Coracoid process -> short head of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, pectoralis minor
Medial border of scapula -> serratus anterior, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
Superior angle of scapula -> levator scapulae
Inferior angle of scapula -> teres minor
Spine of scapula/acromion process -> trapezius, deltoid
Name the muscles of the rotator cuff group. What are their innervations? Where do they attach?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus innervated by suprascapular nerve, teres minor innervated by axillary nerve, subscapularis innervated by subscapular nerve
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor attach onto greater tubercle of humerus, subscapularis attaches to lesser tubercle
What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus? What are their spinal cord levels?
Musculocutaneous nerve C5-C7
Median nerve C5-T1
Axillary nerve C5-C6
Radial nerve C5-T1
Ulnar nerve C8-T1
What are the carpal bones? Which one is commonly fractured? Which one is commonly dislocated?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
Commonly fractured -> scaphoid
Commonly dislocated -> lunate
What are ten things that run through the carpal tunnel?
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, 4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, median nerve, tendon of flexor pollicis longus
What are the layers of back muscles? Which one is innervated by dorsal rami?
Superficial part 1 -> trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Superficial part 2 -> rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae
Intermediate -> serratus muscle group
Deep -> erector spinae group, spinotransversales group, transversospinal group
Deep back muscles innervated by dorsal rami
What are the 5 reflexes? What are their spinal cord levels?
Biceps brachii -> C5-C6
Brachioradialis -> C5-C6
Triceps brachii -> C7-C8
Patellar reflex -> L2-L4
Achilles (calcaneal) reflex -> S1-S2
Describe Erb’s Palsy. What has occurred? How does it present? Why does it present this way? Where is the sensory loss?
Upper brachial plexus injury
Waiter’s tip -> medially rotated, adducted, extended, and wrist flexed
Adducted -> abductors are paralyzed
Medially rotated -> lateral rotators are paralyzed
Extended -> elbow flexors are paralyzed
Wrist flexed -> wrist extensors are paralyzed
Sensory loss is C5-C6 dermatome
Describe carpal tunnel syndrome. What are the symptoms? What are structures at risk during carpal tunnel release?
Entrapment of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
Symptoms -> weakness in flexion, abduction, and opposition, wasting of thenar eminence, and loss of grasp
5 structures at risk
Ulnar artery
Superficial branch of radial artery
Palmar branch of median nerve
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
Recurrent branch of median nerve
Suboccipital triangle -> bony landmarks, muscles, and contents
Bones: Occipital bone, posterior arch of C1, transverse processes of C1, spinous process (&TPs) of C2
Muscles: obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor
Contents: vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
List the muscles in the arm, first anterior, then posterior. Also state the innervation for each.
A: Short head of biceps brachii, long head of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
P: lateral, long, and medial head of triceps brachii, anconeus
Innervation: radial nerve
List the muscles of the anterior forearm, from superficial to deep. State the innervation.
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus
All innervated by median nerve except for medial side of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
List the divisions of axillary as it descends down through the arm
Subclavian artery -> axillary artery
Axillary artery -> brachial artery
Brachial artery -> radial & ulnar
Radial artery -> radial recurrent
Ulnar artery -> common interosseus
Common interosseus -> posterior & anterior interosseus
Describe 2LOAF and its innervation, and 1LAFF and its innervation
2LOAF -> 2 lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis -> median n.
1LAFF -> 1st lumbrical, abductor hallicus, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallicus brevis -> medial plantar n.
Popliteal fossa: borders, contents
Borders: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius
Contents: popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve -> tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, sural nerve
List order of lumbar puncture
skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space containing the internal vertebral venous plexus, dura, arachnoid, and finally the subarachnoid space
List the boundaries of femoral triangle, and its components. Name two things that could occur/be done within this region.
Boundaries: inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius muscle
Components: femoral nerve, artery, vein, “empty” space, lymphatics
What can occur: femoral hernia, femoral nerve block
Radial nerve injury at midshaft -> signs/symptoms
Wrist extension decreased, wrist drop present, muscles that display dysfunction are the extensors of the forearm
List 10 things that attach onto the ox coxa
Ischial tuberosity -> semimembranosus m., long head of biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., sacrotuberous ligament
ASIS -> sartorius m., inguinal ligament
AIIS -> rectus femoris muscle
Pectineal line -> pectineus muscle
Iliac fossa -> iliacus
Ischial spine -> sacrospinous ligament
List all the myotomes of the lower extremity
Hip flexion -> L1-L3
Knee extension -> L2-L4
Dorsiflexion -> L4-L5
Toe extension -> L5-S1
Toe flexion -> S1-S2
Knee flexion -> L5-S1
Hip extension -> L5-S1
Eversion -> L5-S2
Inversion -> L4-L5
List all the myotomes of the hand
Wrist extension -> C6
Wrist flexion -> C7
Finger extension -> C7
Finger flexion -> C8
Finger abduction/adduction -> T1
List all the myotomes of the upper extremity
Shoulder adduction -> C5-T1
Elbow flexion -> C5-C6
Wrist flexion -> C7
Finger flexion -> C8
Finger abduction/adduction -> T1
Finger extension -> C7
Wrist extension -> C6
Elbow extension -> C6-C8
Shoulder abduction -> C5-C6
List all the pulses of the upper and lower extremity
Axillary, brachial, radial -> upper extremity
Femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis -> lower extremity
What is the femoral ring formed by? What compartment within what can it be found?
Found inside the medial space of the femoral sheath -> contains lymph nodes and adipose tissue
Anterior -> inguinal ligament
Medial -> lacunar ligament, conjoint tendon
Posterior -> pectineal ligament (Cooper’s ligament), superior ramus of pubis, pectineus muscle
Lateral -> femoral sheath (femoral vein)
