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LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy - Back/UE/LE 2022 > Osteology/Articulations > Flashcards

Osteology/Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony landmark for CV7?

A

Vertebral prominens

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2
Q

What is the bony landmark for TV7?

A

Internal angle of scapula

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3
Q

What is the bony landmark for LV4?

A

Iliac crest

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4
Q

What is bipedalism? What can it cause?

A

Human beings walking on two legs -> major cause of low back pain

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5
Q

What is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column?

A

Scoliosis

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6
Q

What plane does scoliosis usually impact?

A

Coronal plane

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7
Q

What is the most common form of scoliosis?

A

Idiopathic scoliosis -> right thoracic curve

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8
Q

What is excessive thoracic curvature called? What is its nickname?

A

Kyphosis -> hunchback

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9
Q

What is excessive lumbar curve called? What is its nickname?

A

Lordosis -> swayback

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10
Q

What runs through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery -> heads to brain

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11
Q

What exits through the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

What type of scoliosis occurs with patients with cerebral palsy?

A

Myopathic scoliosis

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13
Q

What is the scoliosis called when there are improperly formed vertebrae?

A

Congenital scoliosis

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14
Q

What is short leg syndrome associated with?

A

Functional scoliosis

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15
Q

What are unco-vertebral joints? What commonly occurs here?

A

Known as joints of Luschka; occur between the uncal processes of C3-C7
- Common sites of osteophyte formation -> stenosis of intervertebral foramen

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16
Q

What does stenosis of the IV foramen cause?

A

Impingement of spinal nerves -> radiculopathy!

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17
Q

What is the C1 vertebrae called?

A

Atlas

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18
Q

What is the C2 vertebrae called?

A

Axis

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19
Q

What connects the dens with the C1 (atlas)?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas

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20
Q

What occurs if there is a rupture of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

A

Compression of the dens

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21
Q

Transverse ligament of atlas is usually absent in…

A

Patients with Down Syndrome or certain connective tissue disorders -> Marfan’s syndrome

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22
Q

Fracture of the dens

A

Causes avascular necrosis of dens, fragments can lacerate spinal cord

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23
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint? What motion does it allow?

A

Synovial, condyloid -> shake your head yes!

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24
Q

What is the atlanto-axial articulation? What motion does it allow?

A

2 synovial plane/gliding joints, one synovial plane/pivot joint -> shake your head no!

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25
Q

What are zygapophyseal joints? What are they innervated by?

A

Synovial, plane/gliding joints -> innervated by DORSAL rami

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26
Q

What are intervertebral discs? What do they include? What are they innervated by?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints, include annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposus, and vertebral end plates, innervated by recurrent VENTRAL rami

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27
Q

What is Hangman’s Fracture?

A

Mechanism: violent hyperextension that breaks the pars interarticularis of the axis bilaterally

28
Q

What is ligamentum flavum?

A

Connects the internal surface of laminae of vertebrae
Prevents hyperflexion

29
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

Attach obliquely to the adjacent spinous process, cannot limit movement greatly!

30
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Affords minimal resistance to hyperflexion

31
Q

What is Jefferson fracture?

A

“Burst” fracture from trauma directed through the skull and occipital condyles onto the atlas, bursting the arch; usually does NOT injure the spinal cord

32
Q

What is anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Resists vertical separation of vertebral bodies during extension
WIDE

33
Q

What is posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Resists posterior separation of vertebral bodies during flexion, also helps prevent posterior protrusion of intervertebral discs

34
Q

What ligament checks hyperextension of vertebral column?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

35
Q

What is impacted by whiplash injury?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

36
Q

What is the iliolumbar ligament?

A

Transverse processes L5 - ilium
Prevents forward sliding, twisting, and lateral flexion of L5

37
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Strong ligaments, transfer weight to pelvis

38
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

Narrowing of vertebral canal

39
Q

What can spinal stenosis be caused by?

A

Protruding intervertebral discs, meningioma, bony changes (aging), hypertrophy of ligaments (PLL, ligamentum flavum), degeneration of zygapophyseal joints

40
Q

Chief symptoms of spinal stenosis

A

Bilateral extremity pain/numbness, weakness, incontinence; can be relieved by surgical laminectomy

41
Q

Facet joint orientation -> cervical

A

Allow wide ROM, flexion, extension, rotation, bending

42
Q

Facet joint orientation -> thoracic vertebrae

A

Limited ROM, rotation, disc thin to body

43
Q

Facet joint orientation -> lumbar vertebrae

A

Joint PREVENTS rotation, mainly flexion/extension

44
Q

What is the main function of IV discs

A

Transfer compressive forces to bodies above and below

45
Q

What is creep (related to IV discs)?

A

Sustained loads on IV discs will lead to a loss in height due to mainly fluid loss. AF collagen also deforms leading to some height loss
PAPPA BECAME SHORT

46
Q

What is restored during sleep?

A

Water will be reabsorbed to restore disc height

47
Q

Anatomy preventing disc herniation of nucleus pulposus

A

Annulus fibrosus, PLL

48
Q

Most common disc herniation?

A

Postero-lateral is the most common

49
Q

Regional occurrence of disc herniation?

A

95 % are LV4-5 or LV5-SV1
5% are CV5-6, CV6-7, or CV7-T1

50
Q

Central herinations compress

A

Spinal cord! (LL weakness, incontinence) or cauda equina

51
Q

What are Schmorl’s Nodes?

A

Fractured vertebral endplate, protrusion of NP in the vertical plane, inflames affected vertebra

52
Q

What is the Scotty dog?

A

Eye - pedicle
Ear - superior articular process
First leg - inferior articular process
Nose - transverse processes
Neck - pars intercularis

53
Q

What is pars interarticularis fracture?

A

Spondylolysis: defect present, unilateral
Spondylolisthesis: translation/discolation of vertebra

54
Q

Structures most likely damaged in hyperflexion injury?

A

Supraspinuos, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum

55
Q

Provocative tests for disc herniation

A

Upper limb: Spurling’s test
Lower limb: straight leg test

56
Q

Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in lumbar area?

A

Pars interarticularis, lamina

57
Q

Defective portion of vertebra of spondylolisthesis in cervical area?

A

Pedicle

58
Q

Ligament which limits skull rotation?

A

Alar ligament

59
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Inflammation of vertebral joints and ligaments, especially in sacroliliac and lumbar regions

60
Q

What occurs in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Ossification of annulus fibrosis -> bamboo spine

61
Q

Rupture of alar ligaments - what is it, what happens?

A

Alar ligaments are CHECK ligaments, rupture will lead to increased ROM on contralateral rotation, but decreased skull base

62
Q

HVLA is contraindicated in patients with…

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

63
Q

What can cervical dislocations cause injury to?

A

Spinal cord

64
Q

What is osteoporosis? What is it caused by?

A

Ca++ deficiency, characterized of bone density, common in seniors
Signs/symptoms: thoracic/lumbar back pain, dysfunction in deep back muscles, fractures in vertebral bodies, kyphosis increase, lordosis decrease, SHORTEN height

65
Q

What are the primary curves?

A

Thoracic and sacral

66
Q

What are the secondary curves?

A

Cervical and lumbar

LECOM MS1 Gross Anatomy - Back/UE/LE 2022 (25 decks)

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