Pointers Flashcards

1
Q

A dopamine precursor that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the brain.

A

Levodopa

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2
Q

peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor

A

carbidopa

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3
Q

It prevents the premature conversion of levodopa into dopamine outside the brain, which reduces side effects like nausea and allows more levodopa to reach the brain.

A

carbidopa

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4
Q

ensures more levodopa reaches the brain and minimizes peripheral side effects by inhibiting the enzyme dopa-decarboxylase in the periphery.

A

carbidopa

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5
Q

is a medication primarily used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia

A

rivastigmine

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6
Q

inhibits acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, enzymes that break down acetylcholine

A

rivastigmine

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7
Q

These medications prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter critical for memory and learning. They are typically used for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

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8
Q

All stages of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Donepezil

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9
Q

Inhibits acetylcholine breakdown, increasing its levels in the synapse.

A

Donepezil

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10
Q

Inhibits acetylcholine breakdown; acts on both enzymes for broader effects.

A

Rivastigmine

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11
Q

Mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease dementia

A

Rivastigmine

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12
Q

Inhibits acetylcholine breakdown and enhances receptor sensitivity to acetylcholine.

A

Galantamine

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13
Q

Dysfunction of ____________ has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, stroke, and schizophrenia.

A

NMDA receptors

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14
Q

Blocks NMDA receptor channels only when excessively activated, preventing overactivation by glutamate

A

Memantine (Namenda)

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15
Q

is characterized by a significant decline in acetylcholine levels due to the progressive loss of cholinergic neurons in the brain, particularly in the basal forebrain. This neurotransmitter deficit contributes to the cognitive and behavioral symptoms observed in the disease.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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16
Q

Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by the progressive loss of __________________________ in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the brain that is critical for motor control.

A

dopamine-producing neurons

17
Q

is associated with low dopamine levels or impaired dopamine signaling in key brain regions

A

Parkinson’s disease

18
Q

The most effective and widely used ADHD medications are _______________, which increase dopamine and norepinephrine availability.

A

stimulants

19
Q

are a class of drugs that enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A

Benzodiazepines

20
Q

are both monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

A

Selegiline and Rasagiline

21
Q

They work by inhibiting the MAO-B enzyme, which is responsible for the breakdown of dopamine in the brain, thus increasing dopamine availability and improving symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

Selegiline and Rasagiline

22
Q

selectively inhibits MAO-B, which breaks down dopamine in the brain, particularly in areas like the striatum

A

Selegiline

23
Q

increases the amount of available dopamine in the brain, improving motor function in Parkinson’s disease patients.

A

Selegiline

24
Q

is a more potent and selective MAO-B inhibitor compared to selegiline

A

Rasagiline

25
Q

increases the availability of dopamine in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia, thus improving motor control in Parkinson’s disease patients.

A

Rasagiline

26
Q

binds to and inhibits MAO-B, preventing the breakdown of dopamine in the brain

A

Selegiline

27
Q

refers to the adverse effects resulting from excessive levels of digitalis glycosides (commonly digoxin) in the body.

A

digitalis toxicity