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Pharmacology > Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

A tablet or capsule taken by mouth goes through three phases—_____________________________________________ —as drug actions occur

A

pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic

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2
Q

In the ________________________, the drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane.

A

pharmaceutic phase

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3
Q

there is no pharmaceutic phase when the drug is administered parenterally by

A

subcutaneous (subQ), intramuscular (IM), or intravenous (IV) routes

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4
Q

four processes of pharmacokinetic phase

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation), and excretion (or elimination)

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5
Q

In the pharmacodynamic phase, a _______________________________ results

A

biologic or physiologic response

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6
Q

Approximately ______________ of drugs are taken by mouth

A

80%

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7
Q

The first phase of drug action

A

Pharmaceutic Phase

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8
Q

Pharmaceutic Phase is also called

A

dissolution

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9
Q

a process where a drug in solid form must disintegrate into small particles to dissolve into a liquid.

A

dissolution

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10
Q

are fillers and inert substances that are used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take on particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution.

A

Excipients

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11
Q

is the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

A

Disintegration

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12
Q

The two pharmaceutic phases are:

A

disintegration and dissolution

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13
Q

is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve
to become available for the body to absorb it

A

Rate limiting

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14
Q

what capsules/tablets should not be crushed?

A

Enteric-coated tablets or capsules and sustained-release (beaded) capsules

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15
Q

factors that affect rate limiting

A
  • Gastric Acidity
  • Age - very young and elderly
  • Enteric-coated tablets
  • Food
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16
Q

is the process of drug movement to active drug action

A

Pharmacokinetic

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17
Q

is the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to
body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis

A

Absorption

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18
Q

factors that affect absorption

A
  • Surface area of the small intestine
  • Protein-based drugs
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19
Q

occurs mostly by diffusion

A

Passive absorption

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20
Q
  • requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to
    move the drug against a concentration gradient.
  • Energy is required for active absorption.
A

Active absorption

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21
Q

a process by which cells carry drug across membrane by
engulfi ng the drug particles

A

Pinocytosis

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22
Q

The three major processes for drug absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane are:

A

passive absorption, active absorption, and pinocytosis

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23
Q

Drugs that are _________________________ are absorbed faster than ________________________

A

lipid soluble and nonionized; water-soluble and ionized drugs

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24
Q

what factors affect drug absorption in the pharmacokinetic phase?

A

Blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, fasting, food and pH

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25
Q

medication routes that absorb drugs from fastest to slowest

A

Intramuscular (Deltoid) > Intramuscular (Gluteal) > Subcutaneous

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26
Q

The process in which the drug passes to the liver first.

A

First Pass Effect

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27
Q

_______________________ are given orally while
_______________________ are not given orally because they have extensive first-pass effect.

A

Warfarin and Morphine Sulfate; Lidocaine and some Nitroglycerins

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28
Q

is a subcategory of absorption

A

Bioavailability

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29
Q

It is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

A

Bioavailability

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30
Q

The percentage of bioavailability for the oral route is always ___________________-

A

less than 100%

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31
Q

The percentage of bioavailability for the IV route it is

A

100%

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32
Q

Factors that alter bioavailability include:

A

(1) the drug form (e.g., tablet, capsule, sustained-release, liquid, transdermal patch, rectal suppository, inhalation)
(2) route of administration (e.g., oral, rectal, topical, parenteral)
(3) GI mucosa and motility
(4) food and other drugs
(5) changes in liver metabolism caused by liver dysfunction or inadequate hepatic blood flow

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33
Q

is the process by which the drug becomes available to body
fluids and body tissues

A

Distribution

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34
Q

factors that affect Distribution

A
  • blood flow
  • affinity to the tissue
  • protein-binding effect
  • drug dose and its concentration
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35
Q

Drugs that are greater than 89% bound to protein are known as

A

highly protein-bound drugs

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36
Q

drugs that are 61% to 89% bound to protein are

A

moderately highly protein-bound drugs

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37
Q

drugs that are 30% to 60% bound to protein are

A

moderately protein-bound

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38
Q

drugs that are less than 30% bound to protein are

A

low protein-bound drugs

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39
Q

Highly protein-bound drugs

A

89% and above

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40
Q

moderately highly protein-bound drugs

A

61% - 89%

41
Q

moderate protein-bound drugs

A

30% - 60%

42
Q

low protein-bound drugs

A

Less than 30%

43
Q

drugs not bound to protein

A

free drugs

44
Q

Only _________________ are active and can cause a
pharmacologic response.

A

FREE DRUGS

45
Q

factors affecting/hinder drug distribution of free drugs:

A
  • Two highly protein-bound drugs are given
  • low protein levels
  • clients with liver and kidney disease
  • malnourished
  • elderly
  • abscesses
  • exudates
  • body glands
  • tumors
46
Q

is the primary site of metabolism

A

Liver

47
Q

inactivates most of the drugs and are then converted or
transformed to inactive metabolites or water-soluble substances for
excretion.

A

Liver enzymes

48
Q

Decreased drug metabolism results to excess drug accumulation which can lead to

A

toxicity

49
Q

is the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated

A

half-life (t1/2)

50
Q

the main route of drug elimination is through the ______________________

A

kidneys (urine)

51
Q

the kidney filters:

A

free, unbound drugs; water soluble drugs and drugs that are
unchanged

52
Q

other routes of drug elimination include:

A
  • hepatic metabolism
  • bile
  • feces
  • lungs
  • saliva
  • sweat
  • breast milk
53
Q

influences drug excretion

A

Urine pH

54
Q

promotes elimination of weak acid drugs and vice versa

A

Acid urine

55
Q

Most accurate to determine renal function

A

Creatinine Clearance

56
Q

is the study of drug concentration and its effects on
the body

A

Pharmacodynamic

57
Q

Drug response can cause a ____________________________
effect

A

primary (desirable) or secondary (desirable or undesirable)

58
Q

primary effect

A

desirable

59
Q

secondary effect

A

desirable or undesirable

60
Q

is the relationship between the minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response

A

Dose Response and Maximal Efficacy

61
Q

the dose of medication required to produce a particular response

A

Potency

62
Q

A drug that is __________________ will produce a therapeutic effect at a _______________ compared with another drug in the same class

A

more potent; lower dose

63
Q

the magnitude of maximum response that can be produced
from a particular drug

A

Efficacy

64
Q

From a pharmacotherapeutic perspective, ____________ is almost always more important than ______________

A

EFFICACY; POTENCY

65
Q

is the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug is administered

A

Onset of Action

66
Q

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood plasma concentration.

A

Peak Action

67
Q

is the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effects

A

Duration of Action

68
Q

The time-response curve evaluates three parameters of drug action:

A

(1) onset, (2) peak, and (3) duration

69
Q

Drug-Binding Sites are primarily on

A

proteins, glycoproteins, proteolipids, and enzymes

70
Q

Four receptor families:

A

a.) Cell membrane-embedded enzymes
b.) Ligand-gated ion channels
c.) G protein-coupled receptor systems
d.) Transcription factors

71
Q

drugs that produce a response

A

Agonist

72
Q

example of Agonist drugs

A

Isoproterenol

73
Q

drugs that block a response

A

Antagonist

74
Q

example of Antagonist drugs

A

Ranitidine

75
Q

drugs that affect various sites and have properties of non-specifi city.

A

Nonspecific Drugs

76
Q

drugs that affect at different receptors

A

Nonselective Drugs

77
Q

Four Categories of Drug Action

A

a.) Stimulation or Depression
b.) Replacement
c.) Inhibition or Killing of Organisms
d.) Irritation

78
Q

example of Stimulation or Depression drugs

A

Digoxin

79
Q

example of Replacement drugs

A

Insulin

80
Q

example of Inhibition or Killing of Organisms drugs

A

Antibiotics

81
Q

example of Irritation drugs

A

Laxatives

82
Q

estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic concentration) dose (ED) in 50% of persons or animals and the lethal dose in 50% of animals

A

Therapeutic Index (TI)

83
Q

Drugs with a low therapeutic index have a ____________________________. The closer the ratio is to ___, the _________________ the danger of toxicity.

A

narrow margin of safety; 1; greater

84
Q

of a drug concentration in plasma should be between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration, the toxic effect.

A

Therapeutic range (Therapeutic window)

85
Q

is the highest plasma concentration of drug at specifi c time

A

Peak Drug Level

86
Q

is the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.

A

Trough Level

87
Q

When immediate drug response is desired, a _______________________ is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma.

A

large initial dose of drug

88
Q

After a large initial dose, a ________________________ is ordered

A

prescribed dosage per day

89
Q

are physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects

A

Side Effects

90
Q

Side effects result mostly from drugs that lack

A

specificity

91
Q

are more severe than side effects

A

Adverse Reactions

92
Q

of a drug can be identifi ed by monitoring the plasma (serum) therapeutic range of the drug.

A

Toxic Effects or Toxicity

93
Q

is the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary infl uence.

A

Pharmacogenetics

94
Q

drug tolerance to a frequently repeated administration of a certain drug

A

Tachyphylaxis

95
Q

Drug categories that can cause tachyphylaxis include:

A

narcotics, barbiturates, laxatives, and psychotropic agents

96
Q

is a psychologic benefi t from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect.

A

Placebo Effect

97
Q

Absorption is the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by _______________________________________________________________

A

passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis

98
Q

is required for active absorption

A

Energy

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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