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Pharmacology > Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

common cold is caused by

A

rhinovirus

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2
Q

common cold is most contagious _________ before the onset of symptoms, and during the ______________ of the cold

A

1-4 days; first 3 days

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3
Q

transmission of common cold:

A

touching contaminated surfaces, then touching the nose or mouth

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4
Q

Drugs for common cold:

A

antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants

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5
Q

sign and symptoms of common cold:

A

rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, and increased mucosal secretions

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6
Q

Inflammation of the mucuous membrane that usually accompanies the common cold

A

Acute Rhinitis

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7
Q

caused by pollen or foreign substance

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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8
Q

Allergic Rhinitis also called as

A

hay fever

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9
Q

H1 blockers or H1 antagonists

A

Antihistamines

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10
Q

Not useful in an emergency situation e.g. anaphylaxis

A

Antihistamines

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11
Q

Rapidly absorbed in 15 minutes but not potent enough to combat anaphylaxis

A

Antihistamines

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12
Q

First-Generation Antihistamines can cause

A

drowsiness, dry mouth, and other anticholinergic symptoms

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13
Q

patient should be alerted of what when taking First-Generation Antihistamines?

A

Patient should be alerted not to drive or operate machinery when taking such medications

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14
Q

Decreases secretions, nasal itching and tickling that cause sneezing

A

First-Generation Antihistamines

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15
Q

Frequently combined with other ingredients in cold remedy preparations

A

DIPHENHYDRAMINE (Benadryl)

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16
Q

DIPHENHYDRAMINE (Benadryl) routes:

A

Oral, IM, IV

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17
Q

major side effects of Diphenydramine (Benadryl)

A

drowsiness

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18
Q

should First-Generation Antihistamines be given with food?

A

yes

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19
Q

avoid __________________ insertion for First-Generation Antihistamines

A

Subcutaneos

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20
Q

can First-Generation Antihistamines pass on to breast milk?

A

yes

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21
Q

Fewer anticholinergic effects and lower incidence of drowsiness

A

Second-Generation Antihistamines

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22
Q

Second-Generation Antihistamines

A

Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, and Loratadine, Azelastine

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23
Q

half life of Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, and Loratadine

A

7-15 hrs

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24
Q

half life of Azelastine

A

22hrs; nasal spray

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25
Q

Stimulate the alpha-adrenergic receptors → vasoconstriction (nasal mucosa) → shrinking of the nasal mucosal membranes and reduction in fluid secretion

A

NASAL DECONGESTANTS

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26
Q

NASAL DECONGESTANTS can be

A

Nasal spray or drops, tablets, capsule, liquid

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27
Q

frequent use of Nasal Decongestants can result in

A

tolerance and rebound nasal congestion

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28
Q

advantage of Nasal Decongestants:

A

Fewer side effects than systemic decongestants

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29
Q

Systemic Decongestants can be

A

Tablet, capsule, liquid

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30
Q

Used primarily for allergic rhinitis including hay fever and acute coryza

A

Systemic Decongestants

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31
Q

Systemic Decongestants

A

Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine

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32
Q

Frequently combined with antihistamine, analgesic, or antitussive in oral cold remedies

A

Systemic Decongestants

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33
Q

Advantage of Systemic Decongestants:

A

relieve nasal congestion for a longer period than nasal decongestants

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34
Q

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions of Decongestants:

A

increased BP and blood glucose levels

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35
Q

may decrease the effect of beta blockers

A

Pseudoephedrine

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36
Q

Intranasal Glucocorticoids

A

Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Dexamethasone, Flunisolide,
Fluticasone, Triamcinolone

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37
Q

Effective for treating allergic rhinitis

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoids

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38
Q

Antiinflammatory action – decrease sx of rhinorrhea, sneezing, and congestion

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoids

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39
Q

Chronic use – dryness of nasal mucosa

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoids

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40
Q

Dexamethasone should NOT be used for

A

more than 30 days

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41
Q

naturally protective way to clear airway of secretions or any collected material

A

Cough

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42
Q

Act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

A

Antitussives

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43
Q

Indicated ONLY for nonproductive, irritating cough

A

Antitussives

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44
Q

may decrease the constant, irritating cough

A

Hard candy (Antitussives)

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45
Q

3 Types of Antitussives

A

Nonnarcotic, Narcotic, Combination

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46
Q

Antitussives

A

Dextrometorphan (Rubitussin), Butamirate Citrate (Sinecod)

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47
Q

Duration of action and half life of Dextrometorphan (Rubitussin), Butamirate Citrate (Sinecod)

A

3-6hrs; 11 hrs

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48
Q

Loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing

A

Guaifenesin (Expectorants)

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49
Q

best natural expectorant

A

Hydration

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50
Q

when taking Guaifenesin (Expectorants), instruct pt to increase fluid intake to at least _________________ per day to help loosen mucus

A

8 glasses

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51
Q

is indicative of a bronchial infection

A

yellowish-greenish mucus

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52
Q

Tell pt that __________________________ may occur when dextromethorphan is taken with MAOIs

A

hypotension and hyperpyrexia

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53
Q

are not helpful in treating common cold viruses

A

Antibiotics

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54
Q

Teach pt not to take a cold remedy before or at bedtime; ______________ may occur if it contains decongestant

A

Insomnia

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55
Q

mode of transmission of cold and flu viruses:

A

hand-to-hand contact or by touching contaminated surfaces

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56
Q

Encourage pt to cough effectively. How?

A

deep breaths before coughing in an upright position

57
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid or sphenoid sinuses

A

Sinusitis

58
Q

indicated to treat Sinusitis

A

Systemic or nasal decongestant

59
Q

Inflammation of the throat

A

ACUTE PHARYNGITIS

60
Q

ACUTE PHARYNGITIS a.k.a

A

sore throat

61
Q

Can be caused by a virus, beta-hemolytic streptococci (strep throat), or other bacteria

A

ACUTE PHARYNGITIS

62
Q

symptoms of ACUTE PHARYNGITIS

A

fever and cough

63
Q

are Antibiotics effective for viral pharyngitis?

A

NO

64
Q

Inflammatory disorder of the airway associated with a varying amount of airway obstruction

A

asthma

65
Q

Progressive lung disease caused by smoking and chronic lung infections

A

Chronic Bronchitis

66
Q

triggers for asthma

A

stress, allergens, and pollutants

67
Q

stress, allergens, and pollutants → inflammation and edema of bronchial airways → constriction of air passages → wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, chest tightness

A

Asthma

68
Q

Bronchial inflammation and excessive mucus secretion → airway obstruction → productive coughing, expiratory rhonchi, hypercapnia, hypoxemia

A

Chronic Bronchitis

69
Q

Progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of a1-antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli

A

Emphysema

70
Q

Selective B2 drug

A

Albuterol/Salbutamol

71
Q

Effective for treatment and control of asthma

A

Albuterol/Salbutamol

72
Q

Albuterol/Salbutamol is more rapid by ______________ (__min) than _____ (__ mins)

A

inhalation; 1 ; orally ; 15

73
Q

what is the first beta adrenergic agent used for bronchospasm? and when?

A

First beta adrenergic agent used for bronchospasm, 1941

74
Q

Non-selective beta agonist (B1 and B2)

A

Isoproterenol

75
Q

B1 stimulation

A

inrease heart rate

76
Q

B2 stimulation

A

bronchodilation

77
Q

Isoproterenol duration of action, long or short?

A

short

78
Q

side effects and adverse reactions of Aerosol Inhaler:

A

mouth dryness, throat irritation, tolerance, severe paradoxical airway resistance, tremors, nervousness, and increased heart rate

79
Q

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions of Epinephrine

A

Tremors, dizziness, hypertension, tachycardia, heart palpitations, cardiac dysrhythmias, and angina

80
Q

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions of Beta2-adrenergic drugs

A

Tremors, headaches, nervousness, tachycardia, palpitations

81
Q

Used for maintenance treatment of bronchospasms associated with COPD

A

Tiotropium (Spiriva) (Anticholinergics)

82
Q

Used to treat asthmatic conditions by dilating the bronchioles

A

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

83
Q

Anricholinergic is combined with with ______________________ to treat chronic bronchitis

A

albuterol sulfate

84
Q

Administer b-agonist inhalants, _________________ using ipratropium

A

5 mins before

85
Q

Administer inhaled glucocorticoids or cromolyn _________ using ipratropium

A

5 mins after

86
Q

METHYLXANTHINE (XANTHINE) DERIVATIVES

A

Aminophylline, theophylline, caffeine

87
Q

Group of bronchodilators used to treat asthma

A

METHYLXANTHINE (XANTHINE) DERIVATIVES

88
Q

Stimulate the CNS and respiration, dilate coronary and pulmonary vessels, and cause diuresis

A

METHYLXANTHINE (XANTHINE) DERIVATIVES

89
Q

what is first theophylline preparation produced? and when?

A

Aminophylline, 1936

90
Q

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase → increased cAMP → relaxation of
smooth muscles of bronchi, bronchioles, and pulmonary blood vessels
→ bronchodilation

A

Theophylline

91
Q

therapeutic range of Theophylline

A

10-20 mcg/mL

92
Q

Once used as a first-line drug for pts with chronic asthma and other COPDs

A

Theophylline

93
Q

serious adverse efects of Theophylline

A

dysrhythmias, convulsions, cardiorespiratory collapse

94
Q

decrease the liver metabolism rate and increase the half-life and effects of theophylline

A

Beta blockers, cimetidine, propranolol, and erythromycin

95
Q

decreases the effects of theophylline

A

Barbiturates and carbamazepine

96
Q

theophylline decreases the effects of?

A

lithium

97
Q

theophylline has a decreased risk of

A

digitalis toxicity

98
Q

decreases theophylline levels

A

phenytoin

99
Q

theophylline has a synergistic effect when given with

A

B-adrenergic agonist

100
Q

should bronchodilators be administered before or after meals?

A

after meals

101
Q

what type of diet increases theophylline elimination?

A

high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet

102
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

A

Zafirlukast, Montelukast sodium, Zileuton

103
Q

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

A

Leukotriene

104
Q

Promote an increase in eosinophil migration, mucus production, and airway wall edema → bronchoconstriction

A

Leukotriene

105
Q

Effective in reducing inflammatory symptoms of asthma triggered by allergic and environmental stimuli

A

Leukotriene

106
Q

Leukotriene is not recommended for the treatment of?

A

acute asthmatic attack

107
Q

Leukotriene is safe for (age range)

A

6 years old and above

108
Q

GLUCOCORTICOIDS (STEROIDS)

A

Beclomethasone, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisone, hydrocortisone

109
Q

Indicated if asthma is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy or if the pt has an asthmatic attack while on maximum doses of theophylline or adrenergic drug

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS (STEROIDS)

110
Q

indicated for Acute asthma exacerbations

A

Systemic glucocorticoids

111
Q

should Glucocorticoids (Steroids) be taken with food?

A

YES

112
Q

Short Acting Bronchodilator

A

Short Acting B2 Agonist Agent (SABA) = Salbutamol, Terbatuline
Short Acting Anti-Muscarinic Agent (SAMA) = Ipratropium Bromide

113
Q

Long Acting Bronchodilator

A

Long Acting B2 Agonist Agent (LABA) = Salmeterol, Folmoterol, Indacaterol
Long Acting Anti-Muscarinic Agent (LAMA) = Tiotropium

114
Q

Inhaled Corticosteroid (ICS)

A

Fluticasone, Budesonide, Beclomethasone

115
Q

Fungal infections may be prevented by using a

A

spacer

116
Q

Used for prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma and must be taken daily

A

Cromolyn sodium

117
Q

Acts by inhibiting histamine release to prevent an asthma reaction

A

Cromolyn sodium

118
Q

Has anti-inflammatory effects and suppress the release of histamine, LTs, and other mediators from the ,ast cells

A

Nedocromil sodium

119
Q

More effective than cromolyn

A

Nedocromil sodium

120
Q

DRUG THERAPY FOR ASTHMA ACCORDING TO AGE
Young children

A

Cromolyn and nedocromil
Oral glucocorticoids
Oral b2-adrenergic agonist

121
Q

inflammatory effects of asthma

A

Cromolyn and nedocromil

122
Q

control a moderate to severe asthmatic state

A

Oral glucocorticoids

123
Q

dose and frequency of Oral Glucocorticoids for Young Children with asthma

A

1-2 inhalations 3-4x a day or 40-80mcg 2x/day

124
Q

drug for severe asthma attacks in young children

A

Oral b2-adrenergic agonist

125
Q

DRUG THERAPY FOR ASTHMA ACCORDING TO AGE
Older adults

A

B2-adrenergic agonist and methylxanthines
Frequent glucocorticoids

126
Q

can cause tachycardia, nervousness, and tremors in older adults esp those with cardiac conditions

A

B2-adrenergic agonist and methylxanthines

127
Q

increased risk of developing cataracts, osteoporosis, and DM

A

Frequent glucocorticoids

128
Q

Liquefy and loosen thick mucus secretions so they can be expectorated

A

MUCOLYTICS

129
Q

should Acetylcysteine be mixed with other drugs?

A

NO

130
Q

Antidote for acetaminophen overdose of given within 12-24h after overdose inegestion

A

Acetylcysteine

131
Q

Enzyme that digests DNA in thick sputum secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis

A

Dornase alfa

132
Q

Hep reduce respiratory infections and improves pulmonary function

A

Dornase alfa

133
Q

Used ONLY if a bacterial infection results from retained mucus secretions

A

ANTIMICROBIALS

134
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole a.k.a

A

Co-trimoxazole

135
Q

Effective for mild to moderate acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis from infectious causes

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)

136
Q

work primarily by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa. This stimulation causes vasoconstriction, or the narrowing of blood vessels.

A

Nasal Decongestants

137
Q

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors: It causes bronchodilation, which relaxes the smooth muscles of the airways, improving airflow and making it essential in treating bronchospasm.

A

Epinephrine

138
Q
A

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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