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Pain and Inflammation Management Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of Inflammation

A

Vascular phase
Delayed phase

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2
Q

a reaction to tissue injury caused by the release of chemical mediators that trigger both a vascular response and the migration of fluid and cells to the injured site

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

occurs 10-15 minutes after an injury

A

Vascular phase

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4
Q

vasodilation and increased capillary permeability 🡪 fluid shift to the injured site

A

Vascular phase

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5
Q

leukocytes infiltrate the inflamed tissue

A

Delayed phase

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6
Q

Chemical Mediators

A

Histamine
Kinin
Prostaglandin

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7
Q

first mediator

A

Histamine

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8
Q

causes dilation of the arterioles and increases capillary permeability 🡪 fluids shift to the injured area

A

Histamine

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9
Q

-increase capillary permeability and the sensation to pain

A

Kinins

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10
Q

increase in vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, and fever

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

Antiinflammatory Agents aka

A

Prostaglandin Inhibitors

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12
Q

Relieve pain, reduce elevated body temperature, and inhibit platelet aggregation

A

Antiinflammatory Agents

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13
Q

Oldest anti-inflammatory drug

A

ASPIRIN

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14
Q

First used as analgesic and antipyretic

A

ASPIRIN

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15
Q

Aspirin and aspirin-like drugs that inhibit the COX enzyme

A

NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS

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16
Q

Not suggested for use in alleviating mild headaches and mildly elevated temperature

A

NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS

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17
Q

More appropriate for reducing swelling, pain, and stiffness in joints

A

NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS

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18
Q

only OTC NSAIDs

A

Ibuprofen and naproxen

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19
Q

1st generation

A
  • Salicylates
  • Para-chlorobenzoic acid derivatives/ indoles
  • Phenylacetic acids
  • Propionic acid derivatives
  • Fenamates
  • Oxicams
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20
Q

Aspirin aka

A

acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

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21
Q

Also considered as an antiplatelet drug for patients with cardiac or cerebrovascular disorders

A

Aspirin

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22
Q

a rare disorder that typically occurs after a viral illness that results in brain and liver damage.

A

Reye’s Syndrome

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23
Q

The proposed mechanism for aspirin contributing to the development of Reye’s syndrome is related to __________________________ that can be caused by salicylates, which may be intensified during viral illness by endotoxins and cytokines

A

mitochondrial damage

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24
Q
  • used for rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis an osteoarthritis
  • potent prostaglandin inhibitor
  • 90% protein-bound
  • very irritating to the stomach, should be taken with food
A

Indomethacin

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25
Q

Similar to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin, but minimal to no antipyretic effects

A

Diclofenac

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26
Q

first injectable NSAID

A

Ketorolac

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27
Q

used acute and chronic arthritis

A

Meclofenamate sodium and Mefenamic acid

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28
Q
  • for long-term arthritis condition (RA and OA)
  • lower incidence of ulceration and gastric distress
29
Q
  • Prototype drug
  • DOC for patients with severe arthritic conditions who need high doses of anti-inflammatory drug
30
Q

CORTICOSTEROIDS

A

Prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone

31
Q

Controls inflammation by suppressing or preventing many of the components of the inflammatory process at the injured site

A

CORTICOSTEROIDS

32
Q
  • DOC when NSAIDs do not control immune-mediated arthritic disease sufficiently, however more toxic *
  • Immunosuppressive agents, immunomodulators, antimalarials
A

DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDs)

33
Q

Immunosuppressive Agents

A

Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate

34
Q
  • used to treat refractory rheumatoid arthritis
  • primarily used to suppress cancer growth and proliferation
  • might be used to suppress the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis when other treatments fail
A

Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate

35
Q

are proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to synovial inflammation and joint destruction

A

IL-1 and TNF (Interleukin receptor (IL-1) agonists and Tumor necrosis factor(TNF))

36
Q
  • Treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis by disrupting the inflammatory process and delaying disease progression
  • Interleukin receptor (IL-1) agonists and Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) blockers
A

Immunomodulators

37
Q

IL-1 receptor antagonist

37
Q

Blocks TNF from attaching to TNF receptors on synovial cell surfaces

A

Infliximab

38
Q

inflammatory condition that attacks joints, tendons, and other tissues

39
Q

Gout aka

A

gouty arthritis

40
Q

common site of Gout

A

Joint of the big toe

41
Q

Uric acid metabolism disorder and a defect in purine metabolism resulting in increase in urates and accumulation of uric acid or an ineffective clearance of uric acid by the kidneys

42
Q

May appear as bumps, or tophi, in the subcutaneous tissue of earlobes, elbows, hands, and base of large toe

43
Q

first drug used to treat gout, 1936

A

Colchicine

44
Q
  • Inhibits the migration of leukocytes to the inflamed site
  • Effective in alleviating acute symptoms of gout
  • Does not inhibit uric acid synthesis and does not promote uric acid excretion
  • Taken with food
A

Colchicine

45
Q

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

A

Allopurinol, Febuxostat

46
Q

the level of stimulus needed to create a painful sensation

A

Pain threshold

47
Q

Amount of pain a person can endure without having it interfere with normal functioning

A

Pain tolerance

48
Q

Less potent that opioid analgesics

A

NONOPIOID ANALGESICS

49
Q

Effective for dull, throbbing pain of headaches, dysmenorrhea, inflammation, minor abrasions, muscular aches, and pain, and mild to moderate arthritis

A

NONOPIOID ANALGESICS

50
Q
  • Nonprescription drug for the relief of pain, discomfort, and fever in infants, children, adults, and older adults
  • Analgesic and antipyretic
  • Does not have anti-inflammatory properties
  • Little to no gastric distress and does not interfere with platelet aggregation
  • Administered every 4hours as needed; max 4g/day
A

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

51
Q
  • Prototype
  • An extraction from opium
  • Effective against acute pain resulting from acute MI, cancer, and dyspnea from pulmonary edema
  • May be used as a preoperative medication
52
Q
  • One of the first synthetic opioids
  • Schedule II drug
  • Shorter duration of action than morphine
  • Primarily effective in GI procedures
  • No antitussive property; less constipation and urinary retention
  • Preferred to morphine in pregnancy
A

Meperidine (Demerol)

53
Q
  • Semisynthetic opioid
  • 6x more potent than morphine; fewer hypnotic effects and less GI distress
  • Faster onset and shorter duration of action than morphine
A

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

54
Q

Self-administered pain relief as needed

A

Patient-Controlled Analgesia

55
Q

Provides a continuous around-the-clock pain control that is helpful to patients who suffer from chronic pain

A

Transdermal Opioid Analgesics

56
Q

Postoperative pain will decrease overtime 🡪

A

downtitration

57
Q

Cancer-related pain has continual increase in pain 🡪

A

uptitration

58
Q

Developed for other purposes and later found to be effective for pain relief in neuropathy

A

ADJUVANT THERAPY

59
Q

nonopioids with or without an adjuvant medication

60
Q

nonopioids and mild opioids with or without adjuvant medication

A

Moderate Pain

61
Q

stronger opioid at higher drug dosage levels with our without an adjuvant medication

A

Severe Pain

62
Q
  • Act on the peripheral nerves and CNS by inhibiting neuronal firing
  • Used for neuropathic pain and prevention of migraine headaches
A

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin)

63
Q
  • Prevent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the cells
  • Effective in treating peripheral neuropathy
A

Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline)

64
Q

Reduce nociceptive stimuli

A

Corticosteroids

65
Q

Blocks sodium channels to reduce pain

A

Antidysrhythmics (mexiletine)

66
Q

Interrupts the transmission of pain signals to the brain

A

Local anesthetics (lidocaine)

67
Q

first triptan drug; short duration of action

A

Sumatriptan

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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