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FINALS > PMHP > Flashcards

PMHP Flashcards

1
Q

what is capacity to benefit

A

the difference between the need for health and the need for healthcare

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2
Q

what is normative need and an example of this

A

professionally defined need
- patient has check up and is told they need a filling

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3
Q

what is felt need and give an example

A

patient’s perception of their need
- patient has toothache and thins they need treatment

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4
Q

what is expressed need and give an example

A

patient has toothache and turns up to emergency appointment
- felt need translated into action by using or requesting services

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5
Q

what is comparative need and give an example

A

comparing the health needs of similar groups of people
- town A had 3 dental practices and town B of the same size has 5

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6
Q

what is unmet need and give an example

A

differences between the health care provided and health care judged as necessary
- in X town there are 50,000 people and only 1 dentist

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7
Q

what are non-static influences on need, supply and demand that can change

A

time
person
place

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8
Q

what are the nine protected characteristics

A

age
disability
gender reassignment
marriage and civil partnership
pregnancy and maternity
race
religion or belief
sex
sexual orientation

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9
Q

name two examples of current influences on need in dentistry

A

aging population
immigration

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10
Q

name two examples of current influences on supply in dentistry

A

distribution of workforce
full time vs part time working

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11
Q

name two examples of current influences in demand in dentistry

A

NHS vs private
new advanced treatments

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12
Q

how is oral health need determined on an individual level

A

diagnosis and treatment

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13
Q

how are oral health needs determined at a population level

A

needs assessment

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14
Q

what is a health needs assessment

A

systematic method of identifying the public health, health needs of a population and making recommendations for changes to meet these needs

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15
Q

what are the four components of an oral health needs assessment

A

examine and describe the characteristics of the population
identifying the needs of the population
examine the current service provision
identify how gaps can be met

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16
Q

what is the purpose of OHNA

A

identify and quantify oral health needs
identify potential health gains
prioritise identified needs
inform the planning of services

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17
Q

what are the 6 elements to communication

A

understanding non-verbal
listening
engaging people to talk
asking questions
acknowledging other’s feelings
giving feedback

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18
Q

give 6 aspects of non-verbal communication

A

eye contact
body posture
body orientation
body movement
distraction
interest

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19
Q

what are the six emotions of facial expression

A

anger
disgust
fear
happy
sad
surprise

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20
Q

what are the 5As in the 5 Step Learning Curve of Evidence Based Dentistry

A

ask
align
acquire
appraise
apply

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21
Q

what does a peer reviewed research mean

A

the research has passed the scrutiny of other scientists and is considered valid, important and original

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22
Q

what is PICO

A

used when asking questions about research about to be undertaken
population
intervention
comparison
outcome

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23
Q

what system do you use to try to find relevant papers when you are unsure on what clinical technique to use

A

PICO

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24
Q

what are the four principles of health promotion

A

right to health
equity
empowerment
community participation

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25
Q

what are determinants of health

A

range of social, personal, economic and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals

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26
Q

name an example of a whole population approach in dentistry

A

child smile - toothpaste packs to all children

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27
Q

name an example of a high risk approach in dentistry

A

toothbrushing in P1 and P2 in the most deprived 20% of schools

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28
Q

name 4 key oral health messages

A

reduce consumption and frequency of sugar
effective control of plaque and fluoride use
appropriate use of dental care
dont smoke and avoid excessive alcohol intake

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29
Q

what are the classifications of sugars

A

intrinsic
extrinsic - milk vs non-milk sugars
non milk sugars = fruit juices, recipe sugar, table sugar

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30
Q

what is needed for caries to progress

A

host
time
diet
microorganism

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31
Q

what is the Stephan curve

A

effect of carbohydrates on acid formation by dental plaque

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32
Q

what are extended duty dental nurses

A

dental nurses that have had additional training
they can give toothbrush instruction, fluoride varnish application

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33
Q

what are the 3 parts of childsmile

A

childsmile toothbrushing
childsmile nursery and school fluoride varnish
childsmile community and practice

34
Q

what is part of the childsmile toothbrushing packs

A

every child receives toothbrush and toothpaste on at least 6 occasions by the age of 5
every child receives free flow drinking cup in the first year of life

35
Q

what is the amount of toothpaste recommended for a) children up to 3 years and b) children aged 3 years and over

A

children under 3 = smear
children over 3 = pea sized

36
Q

how much fluoride is used for nursery and primary 1 children

A

0.25ml

37
Q

what is the concentration of fluoride in fluoride varnish

A

22, 600 ppmF

38
Q

how much fluoride varnish is used for children in P2 and above

A

0.4ml

39
Q

what type of consent is used for childrens participation in toothbrushing in school

A

negative consent - parents have to ask for their children not to take part

40
Q

what type of consent is used for application of fluoride varnish in school settings

A

positive consent - parents have to agree to it

41
Q

what are the two medical contra-indications for application of fluoride varnish

A

severe asthma (hospitalisation)
allergy to colophony

42
Q

what are the four aspects of the behaviour change wheel

A

capability
motivation
opportunity
behaviour

43
Q

what is COM-B model

A

in order to change their behaviour (b) the patient must have : capability (c), opportunity (o) and motivation (m)

44
Q

what are BCTs

A

behaviour change techniques

45
Q

what is the Ottawa charter

A

the first health promotion conference

46
Q

name the 9 GDC standards

A

patients interests first
communicate effectively with patients
obtain valid consent
maintain and protect patient’s information
have clear and effective complaints procedure
work with colleagues for patient’s best interest
work within your professional knowledge and skills
raise concerns if your patients are at risk
personal behaviour maintains patient’s confidence in dentistry

47
Q

what are the 4 medical principles

A

justice, respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence

48
Q

what is AMCUR when associated with capacity

A

act
make
communicate
understand
retain memory

49
Q

what is valid consent

A

with capacity
informed
voluntary
not coerced
not manipulated

50
Q

what is included in the parental responsibility act

A

mothers automatically have parental responsibility
natural fathers acquire parental responsibility by being married to the mother
after may 2006 in scotland unmarried natural fathers acquire parental responsibility if they are registered on the birth certificate

51
Q

name three situations when there can be lawful disclosure of confidential information

A

when patients give consent
when it is a requirement by law (court order)
when there is a compelling public interest

52
Q

if a patient wants to have access to their dental records what is required

A

written request

53
Q

what is risk

A

the chances of something happening

54
Q

how do you calculate risk

A

number of events of interest divided by the total number of observations

55
Q

what are odds

A

number of events of interest divided by the number without the event

56
Q

what are starting and modified risks

A

the chances of the outcomes in the untreated and treated groups

57
Q

what are contingency tables used for

A

using test group and placebo
the outcome of it not happening in one column
outcome of it happening in the other column

58
Q

what is a risk of relative risk reduction

A

overestimate the benefit

59
Q

what is the absolute risk reduction

A

the difference between the two values (treated vs untreated)

60
Q

what is NNT

A

number needed to treat
the number of patients you would need to treat to prevent one patient from developing the disease
1 divided by the absolute risk difference

61
Q

what is risk ratio

A

risk in treatment group divided by risk in control group

62
Q

what is the value of no difference for absolute risk ratio

A

0 (you take the numbers away from each other)

63
Q

what is the value of no difference for risk ratio

A

1 (as you divide the numbers by each other)

64
Q

what do confidence intervals do

A

quantify the level of uncertainty in samples compared to the whole population
it is the range of values that a true population treatment effect is likely to lie

65
Q

with regards to confidence intervals, when would there be insufficient evidence for a difference between treatment and control group

A

if it overlaps the value of no difference
value of no difference for ratio = 1
if 1 is not within the range = all good
difference between to quantities = 0

66
Q

what are observational uncontrolled studies

A

researchers watch what happens to a group of people
no intervention
could be a group of patients being treated with a drug

67
Q

controlled studies

A
68
Q

what is the gold standard of study trials

A

randomised controlled trials

69
Q

what are case report studies

A

report on single patient or series of patients with outcome of interest
no control group

70
Q

name 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of case report studies

A

identify new disease outcome
cannot demonstrate valid statistical associations
lack control group

71
Q

what is a cross sectional study

A

observation of defined population at single point in time or time interval
used to estimate prevalence of disease

72
Q

name 2 disadvantages of cross-sectional studies

A

cannot link causality
confounding variables

73
Q

what is a case control study

A

study of people with a disease and a suitable group of people without the disease
then look back to see if key exposures can be identified

74
Q

name 2 disadvantages of case control studies

A

confounding variables
recall bias
selection of controls
time relationships - did exposure occur before disease

75
Q

what is a cohort study

A

establish group of individuals in population
measure exposures
follow over period of time
used for estimating incidence of disease and cause of disease

76
Q

name 2 disadvantages of cohort studies

A

controls difficult to identifying
confounding variables
time consuming

77
Q

what are randomised control trials

A

define population
inclusion and exclusion criteria
randomise for which treatment group patients go in
follow up at the end

78
Q

what is the best type of trial to use when investigating the effectiveness or efficacy of a drug

A

randomised control trials

79
Q

what are the four design elements of randomised controlled trials

A

exclusion/ inclusion criteria
comparison/ control groups
randomisation
blinding/ masking

80
Q

why do we need control groups

A

people often get better on their own

81
Q

what are disadvantages to randomised control trials

A

ethical issues - ie pregnancy
cost
feasibility
still some risk of bias

82
Q

what is CONSORT

A

checklist of things required to be reported when using a randomised control trial

FINALS (25 decks)

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