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FINALS > Endodontics > Flashcards

Endodontics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three design objectives of RCT

A

create continuously tapering funnel
maintain apical foramen
keep apical opening as small as possible

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2
Q

what material are K files made from and why

A

stainless steel or nickel titanium
cross sectional shape allows greater flexibility

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3
Q

how is the watch winding motion for RCT used

A

backwards ossilation of 30
forwards ossilation of 60
light apical pressure

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4
Q

when is the watch winding technique for RCT useful

A

for passing small files through canals

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5
Q

what is the balanced force motion in RCT preparation

A

1/4 turn clockwise
1/2 turn anticlockwise
repeat 1-3 times, remove, clean and reintroduce

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6
Q

name an advantage of using reciprocation system for RCT

A

mimics manual movement
reduces risk associated with continuously rotating a file through canal curvatures

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7
Q

name two disadvantages of reciprocation system for RCT

A

decreased cutting efficiency
requires increased inward pressure
limited capacity to get debris out the canal

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8
Q

what is cyclic fatigue

A

it is the stress/ strain and deformation induced in a material from cyclic loading

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9
Q

what does the regressive taper on reciproc instreuments allow for

A

coronal shaping without unnecessary loss of tooth substance

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10
Q

what are the rotations of reicprocation instruments

A

150 anticlockwise then
30 clockwise

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11
Q

why should the three peck movement be used with reciproc instruments

A

the flutes will become blocked if not cleaned after 3 pecks and this would increase friction in the instrument which causes the instrument to not work as well in the canal

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12
Q

what size of hand instrument is used to determine working length

A

ISO size 10

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13
Q

what is reciproc blue

A

there is heat treatment on the traditional NiTi alloy
has higher flexibility
suitable for strongly curved canals

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14
Q

how many canals does a maxillary central incisor have

A

1

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15
Q

how many canals does a maxillary lateral incisor have

A

1 (distal curve)

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16
Q

how many canals does a maxillary canine have

A

1 (distal curve)

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17
Q

how many canals does a maxillary 1st premolar have

A

2-3

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18
Q

how many canals does a maxillary 2nd premolar have

A

1-3

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19
Q

how many canals does a maxillary 1st molar have

A

3

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20
Q

how many canals does a maxillary 2nd molar have

A

3

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21
Q

how many canals does a mandibular central incisor have

A

1

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22
Q

how many canals does a mandibular lateral incisor have

A

1

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23
Q

how many canals does a mandibular canine have

A

1

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24
Q

how many canals does a mandibular 1srt premolar have

A

1

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25
Q

how many canals does a mandibular 2nd premolar have

A

1

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26
Q

how many canals does a mandibular 1st molar have

A

2-3

27
Q

how many canals does a mandibular 2nd molar have

A

2

28
Q

name five reasons why biofilms cause resistance

A

antimicrobials fail to penetrate
antimicrobials get trapped/ destroyed
antimicrobials not active against non-growing microorganisms
expression of resistance genes
stress response to hostile environment

29
Q

name 2 clinical objectives of RCT

A

removing canal contents
eliminating infections

30
Q

what is reactionary dentine

A

tubular and irregular structure
formed by original odontoblasts

31
Q

what is reparative dentine

A

atubular and characterised by dead tracts where odontoblastic layer has been eradicated
formed by odontoblast like cells

32
Q

where is the dental-pulp complex derived from embryologically

A

neural crest derived ectomesenchyme

33
Q

what is enamel derived from embryologically

A

ectoderm

34
Q

what endodontic diseases can periapical radiolucency be associated with

A

reversible pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis

35
Q

what occurs in response to bacterial ingress in the pulp chamber

A

acute inflammation
vasodilation and increased pulpal blood flow
extravasation due to increased vascular permeability

36
Q

describe the pulp

A

unmineralised tissue composed of soft connective tissue, vascular, lymphatic and nervous elements encased in hard tissue

37
Q

what is (peri)apical periodontitis

A

acute or chronic inflammatory lesions around the apex of the tooth root caused by bacterial invasion of the pulp

38
Q

what occurs when there is an inflamed ligament around the tooth

A

apical periodontitis - which progresses to bone loss round the apex of the tooth

39
Q

what is an acute abscess

A

occurs quickly
accumulation of pus

40
Q

what is a chronic abscess

A

occurs slowly
can lead to sinus formation

41
Q

what warning signs should you look for when monitoring an abscess so it doesn’t turn into cellulitis

A

malaise
fever
cellulitis
lymphadenopathy
persistent swelling

42
Q

what is a dental abscess

A

localised collection of pus that forms inside the teeth or gyms which essentially initiates from bacterial infection

43
Q

what is a radicular cyst

A

arises from cell rests of mallassez, in the periodontal ligament in response to inflammation after pulp death

44
Q

name three potential complications of endodontic infection

A

maxillary sinusitis
ludwig’s angina
cavernous sinus thrombosis

45
Q

which tooth fibres supply a sharp pricking sensation/ early shooting pain when activated

A

a-delta fibres

46
Q

which tooth fibres supply a dull aching or burning pain when activated

A

c fibres

47
Q

what is referred pain usually provoked by

A

intense stimulation of C-fibres leading to intense slow, dull pain

48
Q

where does referred pain always radiate to

A

same side

49
Q

what should you examine clinically as part of an endodontic exam

A

extra and intra oral soft tissue exam
intra oral swellings
sinus tracts
palpation
percussion
mobility
periodontal exam

50
Q

why are heat tests not always recommended for sensibility testing

A

they can cause irreversible pulpitis

51
Q

what tooth fibres are stimulated when using the EPT

A

A-delta fast conducting fibres

52
Q

when is the EPT considered unreliable

A

in teeth with open apices

53
Q

what are the 5 AAE pulpal diagnoses

A

normal pulp
reversible pulpitis
symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis
pulpal necrosis

54
Q

name the 6 AAE apical diagnoses

A

normal apical tissues
symptomatic apical periodontitis
asymptomatic apical periodontitis
chronic apical abscess
acute apical abscess
condensing osteitis

55
Q

what is symptomatic apical periodontitis

A

inflammation of the apical periodontium ‘
painful response to biting
severe pain on percussion and indicative of degenerating pulp

56
Q

what is asymptomatic apical periodontitis

A

inflammation and destruction of the apical periodontium that is of pulpal origin
appears as apical radiolucency
no clinical symptoms

57
Q

what is a chronic apical abscess

A

inflammatory reaction to pulpal infection
gradual onset
little/ no discomfort
discharge of pus through sinus tract

58
Q

what is an acute apical abscess

A

inflammatory reaction to pulpal infection
rapid onset
spontaneous pain/ extreme TTP/ pus formation

59
Q

what is condensing osteitis

A

abnormal bone growth (radiopaque lesion) resulting from inflammation or infection
usually seen at apex of the tooth

60
Q

when is pregnancy maybe a contraindication to endo treatment

A

in first trimester only emergency intervention

61
Q

what medical conditions are contraindications to endo treatment

A

myocardial infarction within past 6 months
cancer - radiotherapy and chemotherapy to head and neck can compromise healing
allergy to latex - GP not a risk as non-cross reactive

62
Q

what restorative factors may deem a tooth to be un-root-treatable

A

sub-osseous caries
poor crown/ root ratio
misalignment of teeth
presence of pre-existing full coverage restorations

63
Q

what type of mirrors are better for endodontic treatment

A

front surface mirrors

64
Q
A

FINALS (25 decks)

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