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FINALS > Oral Biology > Flashcards

Oral Biology Flashcards

1
Q

name the four muscles of mastication

A

masseter
temporalis
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid

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2
Q

name the origin, insertion and action of the masseter

A

origin - zygomatic arch
insertion - angle of mandible
action - elevation

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2
Q

name the origin, insertion and action of the lateral pterygoid

A

origin - lateral surface of lateral pterygoid head
insertion - condyle and intra-articular disc
function - protrudes and lateral deviates the mandible, also depresses!

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2
Q

name the origin, insertion and action of the temporalis

A

origin - floor of temporal fossa
insertion - coronoid process and anterior border of ramus
action - elevates and retracts

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3
Q

what muscle is most likely to be related to clicking of the TMJ

A

lateral pterygoid

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4
Q

how is the lateral pterygoid best tested

A

by testing the ability of the mandible to depress (mouth to open)

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5
Q

name the origin, insertion and action of the medial pterygoid

A

origin - lateral pterygoid plate and maxillary tuberosity
insertion - medial surface of mandible
action - elevates and protrudes mandible

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6
Q

what may accidentally cause trismus when giving a patient an IDB

A

hitting the medial pterygoid

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7
Q

what is the first movement of the mandible called upon opening

A

rotation - the condyle rotates on a hinge axis for the first 20mm of opening

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8
Q

what is the second movement in mandibular opening called when opening the mouth

A

translation - the wider opening of protrusive or retrusive movements (sliding)

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9
Q

what occurs in mandibular protrusion

A

both condyles leave the glenoid fossae and move forward along the articular eminences

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10
Q

what shape does the rotation and translation movements of the mandible form

A

envelope

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11
Q

what are the two types of muscle fibres

A

type I - slow low forces
type II - fast stronger forces

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12
Q

name the four suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid

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12
Q

name the four infrahyoid muscles

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid

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13
Q

what are the three intrinsic tongue muscles and their function

A

longitudinal, vertical and transverse
they alter shape of the tongue

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14
Q

what are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus
hyoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
they alter shape and position

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15
Q

what two facial muscles are associated with chewing and controlling the bolus in the mouth

A

buccinator
orbicularis oris

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16
Q

what sensory nerves are involved in innervating lower molars

A

trigeminal nerve - mandibular division - IAN

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17
Q

what might occur if the IAN is hit while administering an IDB

A

patient will feel an electric shock to half the lip

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18
Q

what are the five cranial nerves involved in the gag reflex

A

trigeminal
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

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19
Q

name four signs/ symptoms of Bell’s Palsy

A

inability to wrinkle brow
drooping eyelid
inability to puff cheeks
drooping mouth and food stuck in cheek

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20
Q

what are the five branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical

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21
Q

what is Bell’s Palsy

A

any type of facial paralysis that does NOT have associated causes

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22
Q

what should patients be instructed to do when they have any type of facial paralysis

A

reassure them
eye protected with a loose pad until corneal blink reflex returns

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23
Q

what is the biggest advantage of keeping teeth/ roots for over dentures

A

periodontal mechanoreceptors - allow finer discrimination of food textures, tooth contacts and levels of functional loading

24
Q

what is dysphagia

A

inability to swallow

25
Q

name four causes of dysphagia

A

stroke
MS
GORD
tumours

26
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve

27
Q

what sensory nerve is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue innervated by

A

lingual nerve (and chorda tympani)

28
Q

what is the sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

29
Q

what are the 3 stages in the feeding sequence

A

ingestion
stage I transport - chewing
mechanical processing

30
Q

what is involved in ingestion stage of feeding

A

food moved from external environment to mouth
lips provide anterior oral seal
facial muscles control the food bolus

31
Q

what is involved in stage I transport during feeding process

A

material moves from front of mouth to level of posterior teeth
food gathers on tongue tip and tongue retracts - pulling food to back of mouth

32
Q

what is involved in the mechanical processing phase of the feeding sequence

A

solid foods mixed with saliva
some foods squashed by tongue against hard palate

33
Q

what muscles are involved in food processing

A

mandibular muscles
supra-hyoid muscles
tongue muscles
lips and cheeks

34
Q

name five actions of the tongue in chewing

A

controls the bolus
gathers food and rotates to reposition the bolus on occlusal table
keeps bolus on chewing surfaces
moves bolus from side to side in the mouth
collects bolus for transport at final stage

35
Q

what is the squeeze back mechanism of food chewing

A

forward movement of the tongue during occlusal and initial opening phases creates contact between tongue and hard palate
the contact zone progressively moves posteriorly
this squeezes the bolus through the fauces

36
Q

how are liquids ingested

A

liquids are swallowed from the mouth - without any stage II transport

37
Q

where are solids swallowed from

A

oro-pharynx

38
Q

what occurs to the chewing cycle in brittle compared to tough food

A

brittle (eg carrot) = narrow
tough (eg meat) = wider

39
Q

what is suggested if a patient attends the dental practice with a denture that is evenly worn flat

A

vertical chopping movements

40
Q

what denture teeth might be more suitable for people who have vertical mandibular movements

A

cuspless

41
Q

what is a shortened dental arch

A

20 teeth (or functional units if a bridge is included) is the minimum number of units for acceptable masticatory performance, aesthetics and maintenance of oral hygiene

42
Q

what occurs with respect to biting forces in complete denture wearers

A

biting forces are reduced
biting load is carried by mucosa of residual ridge - causes resorption with excessive forces

43
Q

when is a cantilever bridge contraindicated

A

where there is heavy occlusal forces on the pontic

44
Q

what are the three phases of swallowing

A

buccal phase (voluntary)
pharyngeal stage (involuntary)
oesophageal phase (involuntary)

45
Q

what is the difference between swallowing food and swallowing liquid

A

liquid is swallowed from the mouth proper (oral seal)
food is swallowed from oro-pharynx (no oral seal)

46
Q

what separates the mouth from the pharynx

A

posterior oral seal

47
Q

what prevents reflux from stomach to oesophagus and from oesophagus to pharynx

A

stomach to oesophagus - lower oesophageal sphincter
oesophagus to pharynx - upper oesophageal sphincter

48
Q

what is attrition

A

tooth wear caused by contact between occluding teeth (bruxists)

49
Q

what is abrasion

A

most commonly tooth wear due to using too much abrasive force with a toothbrush
mainly seen on cervical area

50
Q

what is dysphasia (WITH AN S)

A

language disorder which involves Broca’s and Wenicke’s area in the brain

51
Q

what is dysphagia (WITH A G)

A

difficulty/ inability swallowing

52
Q

what is odynophagia

A

person experiences extreme pain when swallowing

53
Q

what is dysarthria

A

difficulty speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech

54
Q

name five oral causes of speech and language defects

A

malocclusion
CLP
tongue related
dry mouth
loss of teeth - denture related

55
Q

name three things that might affect the tongues function

A

tongue tie
partial atrophy of the tongue
tongue stud piercing

56
Q

what are mandibular tori

A

benign neoplasms - bony overgrowths
only becomes a problem if patient requires lower partial denture

57
Q

name two issues with denture design that can affect speech

A

denture base plate is too thick
artificial teeth not set properly

58
Q

what problem with speech may a denture base that is too thick cause

A

patient inability to say ‘s’ sound and it all turns to ‘sh’ sounds

59
Q

what problem with speech may occur when denture teeth are set in the wrong occlusal planes

A

problems making ‘f’, ‘v’ and ‘ph’ sounds

60
Q

what is embouchure

A

position and use of lips, tongue and teeth when playing a wind instrument

FINALS (25 decks)

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