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FINALS > Pathology and Immunology > Flashcards

Pathology and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main organs of the immune system

A

thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

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2
Q

what are the four main organs of the immune system connected by

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

where do T cells mature

A

thymus

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4
Q

what is responsible for making the white blood cells that eventually become lymphocytes

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

name 3 functions of the lymphatic system

A

transport clean fluids back to blood
drain excess fluid from tissues
remove debris from cells of body

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6
Q

what are the four stages of inflammation

A

initiation - response to harmful agents
progression - containment of harmful agents
amplification - modulation of immune response
resolution - healing (acute)/ failure to resolve (chronic)

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7
Q

what innate immune cells are of myeloid origin

A

mast cells
monocytes/ macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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8
Q

what innate immune cells are of lymphoid origin

A

natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

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9
Q

name the function of macrophages/ monocytes

A

monocytes differentiate into macrophages
macrophages respond early to infection or tissue damage
they phagocytose and present antigen

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10
Q

what are mast cells

A

granulocytes
best known for role in allergy

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11
Q

what are neutrophils

A

phagocytic granulocytes
contain numerous granules

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12
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

they recognise and kill abnormal cells
are important at holding back viruses until the adaptive immunity kicks in

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13
Q

what are innate lymphoid cells

A

non-cytotoxic natural killer cells

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14
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

they present antigens
bridge innate and adaptive immunity
activate T and B cells

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15
Q

how do T cells work

A

they recognise peptides presented by antigen presenting cells through T cell receptor

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16
Q

what is the function of T helper cells

A

help support other immune cells to fight threats

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17
Q

what is the function of Cytotoxic T cells

A

destroy our own cells which have become infected (eg through virus)

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18
Q

what are regulatory T cells

A

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

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19
Q

what do B cells produce

A

antibodies

20
Q

what does clonal expansion of B cells lead to

A

plasma cells
memory B cells

21
Q

what encompasses innate immunity

A

first line of defence from 1-4 days
no memory immunity
response are braod spectrum and non-specific

22
Q

name three innate immune mechanisms

A

physical barriers
cellular mechanisms
plasma factors

23
Q

how is the epithelium involved in innate immunity

A

barriers as a lining / structural / mechanical support
they can produce different compounds to fight infection

24
Q

how do antimicrobial peptides kill microbes

A

by disrupting the membrane

25
Q

name three ways in which secretory IgA kills microbes

A

binds to flagella and prevents motility
binds and neutralises bacterial toxins
prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

26
Q

how does lysozyme kill microbes

A

targets the cell wall of bacteria
present in saliva

27
Q

what are the main receptors on immune cells

A

toll like receptors

28
Q

what receptors are used for fungal recognition

A

dectin and glucan receptors

29
Q

what receptors are used for allergen recognition

A

protease-activated receptors

30
Q

what are cytokines

A

signalling molecules to co-ordinate immune responses

31
Q

what are the three types of cytokines

A

autocrine - alter behaviour of the cell they were secreted from
paracrine - alters neighbours
endocrine - enters circulation

32
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

receptors that recognise unique features of microbes

33
Q

what is the main immune cell type in the oral cavity

A

neutrophils

34
Q

how are neutrophils recruited

A

they are attracted along a CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient to the site of inflammation

35
Q

what are the four outcomes when there is microbial recognition by innate immune cells

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
antigen presentation
mediator release

36
Q

what are the main mediators released by innate immune cells

A

cytokines and chemokines

37
Q

what occurs in degranulation

A

the granules - which are vesicles containing preformed mediators are released

38
Q

name three types of granules

A

proteinases
antimicrobials (AMPs)
chemical mediators (histamine)

39
Q

name three main roles of histamine

A

vasodilation
increase vascular permeability of blood vessels
smooth muscle contraction

40
Q

what are the seven stages in phagocytosis

A

recognition
engulfment
phagosome
phagolysosome
cell digestion
residual bodies
exocytosis

41
Q

what is MHC1 involved in

A

presentation of endogenous proteins

42
Q

what is MHC2 involved in

A

presentation of expgneous proteins

43
Q

what is complement

A

collection of soluble proteins present in circulation
produced by liver
leads to formation of membrane attack complex

44
Q

what is diapedesis

A

the process by which neurophils

45
Q

what are anaphylatoxins

A

fragments of complement proteins

46
Q
A

FINALS (25 decks)

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