Pathology and Immunology

Question 1

what are the four main organs of the immune system

Answer 1

thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

Question 2

what are the four main organs of the immune system connected by

Answer 2

lymphatic system

Question 3

where do T cells mature

Answer 3

thymus

Question 4

what is responsible for making the white blood cells that eventually become lymphocytes

Answer 4

bone marrow

Question 5

name 3 functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 5

transport clean fluids back to blood
drain excess fluid from tissues
remove debris from cells of body

Question 6

what are the four stages of inflammation

Answer 6

initiation - response to harmful agents
progression - containment of harmful agents
amplification - modulation of immune response
resolution - healing (acute)/ failure to resolve (chronic)

Question 7

what innate immune cells are of myeloid origin

Answer 7

mast cells
monocytes/ macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 8

what innate immune cells are of lymphoid origin

Answer 8

natural killer cells
innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Question 9

name the function of macrophages/ monocytes

Answer 9

monocytes differentiate into macrophages
macrophages respond early to infection or tissue damage
they phagocytose and present antigen

Question 10

what are mast cells

Answer 10

granulocytes
best known for role in allergy

Question 11

what are neutrophils

Answer 11

phagocytic granulocytes
contain numerous granules

Question 12

what are natural killer cells

Answer 12

they recognise and kill abnormal cells
are important at holding back viruses until the adaptive immunity kicks in

Question 13

what are innate lymphoid cells

Answer 13

non-cytotoxic natural killer cells

Question 14

what are dendritic cells

Answer 14

they present antigens
bridge innate and adaptive immunity
activate T and B cells

Question 15

how do T cells work

Answer 15

they recognise peptides presented by antigen presenting cells through T cell receptor

Question 16

what is the function of T helper cells

Answer 16

help support other immune cells to fight threats

Question 17

what is the function of Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 17

destroy our own cells which have become infected (eg through virus)

Question 18

what are regulatory T cells

Answer 18

regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

Question 19

what do B cells produce

Answer 19

antibodies

Question 20

what does clonal expansion of B cells lead to

Answer 20

plasma cells
memory B cells

Question 21

what encompasses innate immunity

Answer 21

first line of defence from 1-4 days
no memory immunity
response are braod spectrum and non-specific

Question 22

name three innate immune mechanisms

Answer 22

physical barriers
cellular mechanisms
plasma factors

Question 23

how is the epithelium involved in innate immunity

Answer 23

barriers as a lining / structural / mechanical support
they can produce different compounds to fight infection

Question 24

how do antimicrobial peptides kill microbes

Answer 24

by disrupting the membrane

Question 25

name three ways in which secretory IgA kills microbes

Answer 25

binds to flagella and prevents motility binds and neutralises bacterial toxins prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

Question 26

how does lysozyme kill microbes

Answer 26

targets the cell wall of bacteria present in saliva

Question 27

what are the main receptors on immune cells

Answer 27

toll like receptors

Question 28

what receptors are used for fungal recognition

Answer 28

dectin and glucan receptors

Question 29

what receptors are used for allergen recognition

Answer 29

protease-activated receptors

Question 30

what are cytokines

Answer 30

signalling molecules to co-ordinate immune responses

Question 31

what are the three types of cytokines

Answer 31

autocrine - alter behaviour of the cell they were secreted from paracrine - alters neighbours endocrine - enters circulation

Question 32

what are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 32

receptors that recognise unique features of microbes

Question 33

what is the main immune cell type in the oral cavity

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

how are neutrophils recruited

Answer 34

they are attracted along a CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient to the site of inflammation

Question 35

what are the four outcomes when there is microbial recognition by innate immune cells

Answer 35

phagocytosis degranulation antigen presentation mediator release

Question 36

what are the main mediators released by innate immune cells

Answer 36

cytokines and chemokines

Question 37

what occurs in degranulation

Answer 37

the granules - which are vesicles containing preformed mediators are released

Question 38

name three types of granules

Answer 38

proteinases antimicrobials (AMPs) chemical mediators (histamine)

Question 39

name three main roles of histamine

Answer 39

vasodilation increase vascular permeability of blood vessels smooth muscle contraction

Question 40

what are the seven stages in phagocytosis

Answer 40

recognition engulfment phagosome phagolysosome cell digestion residual bodies exocytosis

Question 41

what is MHC1 involved in

Answer 41

presentation of endogenous proteins

Question 42

what is MHC2 involved in

Answer 42

presentation of expgneous proteins

Question 43

what is complement

Answer 43

collection of soluble proteins present in circulation produced by liver leads to formation of membrane attack complex

Question 44

what is diapedesis

Answer 44

the process by which neurophils

Question 45

what are anaphylatoxins

Answer 45

fragments of complement proteins