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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

how is angular cheilitis sampled

A

sample with sterile swab and moistened with sterile water

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2
Q

what type of agar plate should be used when sampling angular cheilitis

A

non-selective agar - blood agar

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3
Q

name three oral diseases that the bacteria staphylococus aureus can be attributed to

A

angular cheilisi
mucositis
bone infections

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4
Q

how can staph aureus be transmitted

A

hands
fomites

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5
Q

what is a non-selective agar

A

blood agar

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6
Q

how can bacterial infections be identified

A

growth on selective agar
colony morphology
gram stain

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7
Q

what is an example of selective agar for staph aureus

A

manitol salt sugar

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8
Q

what is the difference between selective and non-selective agar

A

non-selective will grow everything - can give overall appearance of pathogens present
selective agar only grows a specific pathogen

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9
Q

what is the typical gram stain appearance of staph aureus

A

grape-like appearance

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10
Q

why is there a colour change in the mannitol salt sugar agar if staph aureus is present

A

staph aureus ferments mannitol which lowers the pH - there is a pH indicator in the mannitol which is what causes the colour change

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11
Q

what colour does staph aureus turn mannitol agar

A

yellow

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12
Q

name three identifiable features of staph aureus’ colony morphology

A

round
convex
1-4mm in diameter with sharp border

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13
Q

what is the coagulation test

A

adding the suspected staph aureus to a test which then clumps

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14
Q

is staph aureus coagulase positive or negative

A

positive

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15
Q

what is the common microbe used that will not cause colour change on mannitol agar and is coagulase negative

A

staph. epidermitis

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16
Q

what are the two antibiotic susceptibility tests

A

discs on an agar plate
e-test strip - minimum inhibitory conc = 0.5mg/L

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17
Q

what are the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes = bacteria
eukaroytes = our cells

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18
Q

name key anatomical features of a bacterial cell

A

outer capsule
cell envelop
bacteria flagellum
circular stranded DNA and ribosomes
Pili (fimbriae)

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19
Q

what aids attachment of bacteria to oral surfaces

A

pili (fimbriae)

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20
Q

name virulence factors of pili (fimbriae)

A

adhesion

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21
Q

name virulence factor of flagella

A

chemotaxis and penetration of mucus

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22
Q

what is the general rule for when metronidazole is used

A

gum infections because it targets anaerobes

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23
Q

what is the general rule for when PenV is used

A

teeth because specific for staph/ strep

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24
Q

what occurs in type B vacuum type sterilisers

A

pretreatment - air sucked out
sterilisation
posttreatment - drying by releasing the air

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25
name the stages of gram stain reaction
flood with crystal violet - all cells take up dye] flood with iodine - all cells appear blue- black decolourise with acetone - gram +ve cells retain dye and gram -ve cells are decolourised counterstain with red dye - gram +ve appear blue/black and -ve appears red
26
what colour are gram -ve cells after gram stain
red
27
what colour are gram +ve cells after gram stain
blue/ black
28
what does the crystal violet stick to in gram +ve cells
peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall
29
what is present in the peptidoglycan layer in gram +ve cells
penicillin binding proteins - penicillin antibiotic can bind here and stops further cross linking
30
how does the exotoxin leukocidin cause an inflamamtory reaction
secreted from staph aureus assemble on polymorphonuclear white cell membranes (PMN) cause PMN lysis lysed PMNs cause inflammatory response and eventually tissue necrosis
31
what is an example of an endotoxin
LPS - lipopolysaccharide
32
name the links of the chain of infection in the correct order
infectious agent reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host
33
explain the infectious agent
micro-organism that can cause infection
34
explain the reservoir
where the infectious agent lives and thrives
35
name actions we can use to break chain of infection
standard infection control precautions (SICPs)
36
when should SICPs be used
all staff in all healthcare settings whether infection is known to be present or not
37
name the SICPs most relevant to dentistry
hand hygiene PPE respiratory and cough hygiene safe management of blood and body fluid spillages safe disposal of waste safe management of care environment safe management of care equipment occupational safety - prevention and exposure management
38
how should blood and body fluid spillages be managed
PPE worn organic matter removed with disposable absorbent towel apply sodium hypochlorite granules remove granules with disposable scoop clean using water and general purpose detergent dispose of waste perform hand hygiene
39
name the agents used when dealing with a spillage
sodium hypochlorite dichloroisocyanrate
40
what is the contact time for chlorine releasing agents
3 minutes according to manufacturer's instructions
41
at what concentrations should these granules be used
10, 000 ppm available chlorine
42
give examples of waste disposed of in the orange waste stream
apron gloves mask visor gauze
43
give examples of waste that goes into the black waste stream
hand hygiene paper towels instrument wrapping that is uncontaminated
44
when should the temporary closure mechanism used on a sharps box
when the container is left unattended or not in use
45
how is the temporary closure mechanism engaged
press the lid down until you hear one click two clicks for permanent closure
46
what waste should be disposed of in orange sharps box stream
k files needles matrix bands
47
what waste should be disposed of in blue topped sharps box stream
local anaesthetic cartridges that aren't empty
48
who is responsible for the disposal of sharps
the user/ operator
49
who is responsible for carrying out a risk assessment following a sharps injury
supervising clinician clinician DN team leader named nurse
50
what action should be taken if you receive a sharps injury and your patient refuses consent for bloods to be taken
same protocol is observed whether patient gets bloods taken or not contact occupational health and get your own bloods taken once risk assessment carried out
51
what procedure must be followed if you receive a sharps injury while treating a patient
stop what you're doing inform the patient make the sharp safe first aid - encourage bleeding notify supervising clinician risk assessment carried out by appropriate person contact occupational health consent patient for bloods paperwork datix
52
name the online system used for recording accidents/ incidents or near misses within the GDH
DATIX
53
what happens to patient's risk assessment paperwork after a sharps injury
must be destroyed after occupational health have been called must not be written in the patient's notes
54
what are the five WHO moments of hand hygiene
before you touch a patient before clean/ aseptic procedure after procedure or body fluid exposure risk after you touch a patient after touching a patient's surrounding
55
what goes into the red top white bottom waste stream
amalgam capsules extracted teeth with amalgam left over amalgam
56
what goes into the red top yellow bottom waste stream
extracted teeth with no amalgam restorations
57
what is antimicrobial resistance
antimicrobials become ineffective as the organisms you are trying to kill go through genetic changes leading to resistance
58
how do bacteria grow
by horizontal gene transfer
59
name three issues with antimicrobial resistance
causes deaths simple infections become difficult to treat stagnant development of new antibiotics
60
who does antimicrobial resistance affect
anyone needing routine operations (they will be given prophylactic antibiotics to reduce risk of post-op infections) immunocompromised people can effect anyone potentially
61
name four ways of tackling antimicrobial resistance
drug development alternative therapies prevention prescribing
62
name a gram positive cocci and a disease it causes
strep. mutans dental caries
63
name a gram positive bacilli and a disease it causes
c. tetani tetanus
64
name a gram negative cocci and a disease it causes
N meningitidis meningitis
65
what shape of bacteria is associated with ulcerative gingivitis
spiral
66
name gram negative bacilli and a disease it causes
prevotella intermedia periodontal disease
67
name three general properties of viruses
small size they have RNA or DNA genome metabolically inert
68
what is a virion
complete virus particle
69
what is the viral structure
envelope - lipid membrane capsid - protein shell
70
name the 6 key stages in viral replication
attachment penetration uncoating synthesis of viral components assembly release
71
what are the effects of virus on cells
cell death (HSV I) transformation (HPV) latent infection (HSV I)
72
examples of virus transmission
inhalation via respiratory tract ingestion via GIT inoculation sexually
73
name types of specimens you can take for viral investigation
swabs faeces aspirates plasma CSF urine
74
what antibody is produced first in the acute phase of infection
IgM
75
what antibody appears later in viral infection (2 weeks into infection)
IgG
76
what type of viruses are influenza
RNA viruses
77
what is antigenic drift
minor change point mutations causes epidemics
78
what is antigenic shift
a major change in antigen structure can result in pandemics only A type influenza is subject to this
79
what are prion diseases
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies - fatal neurological disease accumulation of abnormal form of the prion protein - no immune response
80
what is rare about prions and why may it be harder to sterilise
it is devoid of nucleic acid
81
what are the three types of prion disease
infectious genetic sporadic
82
what is CJD
Creutzfeldt Jackob's disease
83
why is vCJD relevant to dentistry
prion protein difficult to clean from instruments residual infectivity can survive steam sterilisation has an incubation period of decades
84
what should happen to instruments used on a patient with CJD for a dental procedures
as dental procedures are considered low risk, the instruments are put through the regular disinfection and sterilisation regime and re-used
85
name surface associated virulence factors of bacteria
pili - used in adhesion and can be antiphagocytotic
86
what colour will staph aureus turn the mannitol agar plate if present
yellow
87
what severe clinical complication is the endotoxin LPS associated with
sepsis
88
what are the five cardinal signs of infection/ inflammation
redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function

FINALS (25 decks)

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