Diseases of Human Systems

Question 1

name three functions of the blood

Answer 1

transports nutrients
removes waste
transports host defences

Question 2

what is leukopenia

Answer 2

low WCC

Question 3

what is thrombocytopenia

Answer 3

low platelets

Question 4

what is pancytopenia

Answer 4

all cell types reduced

Question 5

what is polycythaemia

Answer 5

raised haemoglobin

Question 6

what is leukocytosis

Answer 6

raised WCC

Question 7

what is thrombocythaemia

Answer 7

raised platelets

Question 8

from which type of stem cell do NK cells, T cells and B cells originate

Answer 8

lymphoid stem cells

Question 9

from which type of stem cell do erythrocytes and platelets arise from

Answer 9

myeloid stem cells

Question 10

what is porphyria

Answer 10

abnormality of haem metabolism

Question 11

what is acute intermittent porphyria

Answer 11

porphyria triggered by medicines such as local anaesthetics

Question 12

name two clinical effects of porphyria

Answer 12

photo-sensitive rash
neuropsychiatric attacks

Question 13

why may anaemia be linked with an enlarged spleen

Answer 13

if lifespan of RBC is reduced due to autoimmune disease there is increased turnover - removed early by the spleen

Question 14

which type of cell abnormality is linked with iron deficiency and what condition can it cause

Answer 14

microcytosis
thalassaemia

Question 15

what type of cell abnormality is linked with B12/ Folic Acid deficiency

Answer 15

macrocytosis

Question 16

what is hypochromic

Answer 16

RBCs appear paler due to there being less haemoglobin

Question 17

what is ansiocytic

Answer 17

RBCs are an exaggerated range of sizes in the same sample

Question 18

why is the MCV raised in a patient with reticulocytotic cells

Answer 18

reticulocytes have residual material before they mature so they are bigger than normal RBCs

Question 19

name two signs of anaemia

Answer 19

pale
tachycardia

Question 20

name three symptoms of anaemia

Answer 20

tiredness
dizzy
SOB

Question 21

name three clinical presentations of anaemia

Answer 21

pale mucosa (sclera of eyes)
smooth tongue
beefy tongue

Question 22

what triggers the release of RBCs

Answer 22

erythropoietin from the kidney

Question 23

what is the iron replacement regime for tablets

Answer 23

200mg tablets of iron sulphate
three times a day
for three months

Question 24

what is the folic acid replacement regime

Answer 24

5mg folic acid daily

Question 25

what is the VitB12 replacement regime

Answer 25

1mg IM injection
every 8 weeks

Question 26

name three dental effects of anaemia

Answer 26

mucosal atrophy
candidiasis
recurrent oral ulceration

Question 27

how is iron absorbed

Answer 27

haem iron is absorbed directly through the intestinal wall
non-haem iron has to be converted to a different state first before transporting through ell wall

Question 28

what is achlorhydria

Answer 28

lack of stomach acid
no conversion of non-haem iron
no iron uptake
can be caused by proton pump inhibitors

Question 29

how is Vit B12 absorbed

Answer 29

intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells
intrinsic factor is combined with VitB12 to absorb

Question 30

where is Vit B12 absorbed

Answer 30

terminal ileum