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Clinical Parasitology > Plasmodium II > Flashcards

Plasmodium II Flashcards

1
Q

[2] Phase

A
  1. Invertebrate phase
  2. Vertebrate phase
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2
Q

4-15 days after ingestion of gametocyte.

[phase]

A

Invertebrate phase

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3
Q

Mosquito takes a blood meal containing gametocytes from infected person.

A

Female Anopheles

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4
Q

[2] gametocytes

A
  1. Microgametocytes
  2. Macrogametocytes
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5
Q

male

[gametocytes]

A

Microogametocytes

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6
Q

Nuclear division and exflagellation.

[gametocytes]

A

Microgametocytes

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7
Q

female

[gametocytes]

A

Macrogametocytes

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8
Q

Shifting of nucleus to the surface to form a
projection.

[gametocytes]

A

Macrogametocytes

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9
Q

Microgamete penetrates macrogametes producing an ookinete.

[gametocytes]

A

Macrogametocytes

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10
Q

Mosquito injects sporozoites to man.

[phase]

A

Vertebrate phase

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11
Q

Sporozoites disappear from the blood.

[phase]

A

Vertebrate phase

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12
Q

– Some are destroyed by the host immune system.

– Enters liver parenchymal cells (hypnozoites in P. vivax and P. ovale)

A

Vertebrate phase

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13
Q

[9] Insect Vector in the Philippines

A
  1. Anopheles Flavirostris
  2. Anopheles Balabacensis
  3. Anopheles Lesteri
  4. Anopheles Philippinensis
  5. Anopheles Umbrosus
  6. Anopheles Leucosphyrus
  7. Anopheles Litoralis
  8. Anopheles Maculates
  9. Anopheles Mangyanu
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14
Q

Primary vector in the Philippines, night biter, breeds in slow-flowing clean water mountain streams.

[anopheles]

A

Anopheles Flavirostris

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15
Q

Rest either indoors or outdoors, in puddles, pools, ponds, and in shades.

[anopheles]

A

Anopheles Balabacensis

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16
Q

rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools, ponds, lakes, and in ricefields.

A

Anopheles lesteri

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17
Q

rest either indoors or outdoors, in pools ponds or lakes.

A

Anopheles philippinensis

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18
Q

rest out of doors, in pools, ponds, lakes, running streams and canals in shades.

A

Anopheles umbrosus

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19
Q

Vector of Plasmodium knowlesi, typically found in forest areas in South East Asia but with a greater clearing of forest areas for farmland.

A

Anopheles leucosphyrus

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20
Q

can occur over months or years.

[malaria transmission]

A

recrudescences and relapses

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21
Q

Can develop severe complications (especially P. falciparum).

A

Malaria transmission

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22
Q

Periodic episodes of fever alternating with symptom-free periods.

A

Malaria transmission

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23
Q

[3] Clinical features of Malaria transmission

A
  1. Cold stage
  2. Hot stage
  3. Sweating stage
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24
Q

Chilly sensations that progresses to a teeth chattering, frankly shaking chill. The peripheral blood vessels are constricted and the lips and nails are cyanotic.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Cold stage

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25
Q

The body temperature begins to mount rapidly as the blood vessels dilate.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

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26
Q

Temperature peaks at 39-41 C, skin is hot and the face flushed.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

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27
Q

Sign and symptoms includes nausea, vomiting headache and rapid pulse.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

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28
Q

High fever may produce convulsion in children.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

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29
Q

The patient perspires profusely, temperature falls and the headache disappears.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Sweating stage

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30
Q

The patient is exhausted but symptomless. And the next day the patient can feel quite well, before the next paroxysm occurs.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Sweating stage

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31
Q

feeling of intense cold.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Cold stage

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32
Q

vigorous shivering, rigor.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Cold stage

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33
Q

lasts 15-60 min.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Cold stage

34
Q

intense heat and dry burning skin.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

35
Q

throbbing headache.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

36
Q

lasts 2-6 hours.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Hot stage

37
Q

profuse sweating and declining temperature.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Sweating stage

38
Q

exhausted, weak — sleep.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Sweating stage

39
Q

lasts 2-4 hours.

[clinical features of MT]

A

Sweating stage

40
Q

Periodicity varies according to species.

A

Malarial paroxysms

41
Q

Depends on the length of the asexual cycle.

A

Malarial paroxysyms

42
Q

[3] Malarial Paroxysms

A
  1. Plasmodium falciparum
  2. Plasmodium vivax and P. Ovale
  3. Plasmodium malariae
43
Q

Malignant tertian malaria (36 hours or less).

A

Plasmodium falciparum

44
Q

Benign tertian malaria (48 hours).

A

Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale

45
Q

Quartan malaria (72 hours).

A

Plasmodium malariae

46
Q

In P. falciparum infections, as the parasite begins to grow, the red cell membrane becomes sticky and cells adhere to the endothelial lining of the capillaries of the internal organs.

A

Pathogenicity of Malaria

47
Q

thus, only ring forms and gametocytes appear in the peripheral blood.

A

Pathogenicity of Malaria

48
Q

More pronounced in P. falciparum.

A

Anemia

49
Q

[3] Anemia

A
  1. Hemolytic
  2. Normochromic
  3. Normocytic
50
Q

Decrease Oxygen carrying capacity leading to what?

[anemia]

A

Anoxia

51
Q

Caused by an increase in splenic activity.

A

Splenomegaly

52
Q

Parasitized red cells pass through the spleen, loss their deformability, thus destroyed in the process.

A

Splenomegaly

53
Q

Normal RBC’s are destroyed due to increase activity of macrophages.

A

Splenomegaly

54
Q

Parasitized red cells pass through the spleen, loss their deformability, thus destroyed in the process.

A

Splenomegaly

55
Q

Seen in Plasmodium Malariae infection.

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

56
Q

Antibody complexes causes thickening of the capillary walls of the basement membrane.

[nephrotic syndrome]

A

Deposition of antigen

57
Q

Presence of focal hyalinizing lesions of the tuft of the glomerulus and segmental endothelial cell proliferation progressing to glomerular sclerosis.

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

58
Q

Syndrome of acute intravascular hemolysis, accompanied by hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria.

A

Black water fever

59
Q

Abrupt onset, passage of dark red or almost black urine, vomiting of bile stained fluid, jaundice.

A

Black water fever

60
Q

High mortality.

A

Black water fever

61
Q

Rapid and severe hemolysis of both parasitized and non parasitized red cells.

A

Black water fever

62
Q

Presence of the parasite changes the antigenic structure of individual erythrocytes and stimulates the production of antibodies.

A

Black water fever

63
Q

Most serious hematologic complication.

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

64
Q

Activation of the clotting system resulting to thrombin generation and intravascular coagulation.

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

65
Q

Present in P. ovale and P. vivax.

A

Relapse

66
Q

Activation of hypnozoites (liver stages) resulting to renewal of malarial infection.

A

Relapse

67
Q

Renewal of parasitemia or clinical features arising from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia in the absence of an exo erythrocytic cycle.

A

Recrudescense

68
Q

P. falciparum: Due to infected RBC sequestered by the spleen.

A

Recrudescense

69
Q

screening for positivity and parasite count.

[blood smear]

A

Thick film

70
Q

species identification easier.

[blood smear]

A

Thin film

71
Q

[4] Diagnosis of Malaria

A
  1. Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
  2. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
  3. Serological Test
  4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
72
Q

Usually prepared capillary tube coated with acridine orange.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)

73
Q

Malaria parasites take up the stain and appear bright green and yellow under a fluorescent microscope.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)

74
Q

Detects parasitic antigens:

  • Pan malaria: p-LDH (Diamed Optimal IT)
  • Falciparum malaria: HRP-II (Paracheck Pf Test, ParaHIT f Test)–

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)

75
Q

Makes use of immunochromatographic methods in order to detect Plasmodium specific antigens in a finger-prick blood sample.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)

76
Q

Cannot differentiate current and past infections.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Serological tests

77
Q

Most helpful in epidemiological studies.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Serological test

78
Q

To significantly enhance the microscopic diagnosis of malaria especially in cases of low parasitemia and in cases of mixed infection.

[diagnosis of malaria]

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

79
Q

IHA means

A

Indirect Hemagglutination

80
Q

IFAT means

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test

81
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Clinical Parasitology (14 decks)

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