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Clinical Parasitology > Blood and Tissue Flagellates II > Flashcards

Blood and Tissue Flagellates II Flashcards

1
Q

Leishmania have two morphological forms:

A
  1. Amastigote
  2. Promastigote
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2
Q

[5] Causative agent of Leishmania spp.

A
  1. Leishmania tropica
  2. Leishmania mexicana
  3. Leishmania donovani
  4. Leishmania braziliensis
  5. Leishmania guyanensis
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3
Q

Baghdad boils, Oriental sore

A

Leishmania tropica

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4
Q

Bay sore, Chiclero ulcer,

A

Leishmania mexicana

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5
Q

Dum dum fever, Kala-azar

A

Leishmania donovani

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6
Q

Espundia, Uta

A

Leishmania braziliensis

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7
Q

Forest yaws, Pian bois

A

Leishmania guyanensis

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8
Q

infective to humans.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

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9
Q

have single free flagellum arising from kinetoplast at the anterior end.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

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10
Q

promastigote in the proboscis of the insect vector and the one that grow in artificial media.

A

Promastigote — Leishmania spp.

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11
Q

Lives intracellularly in monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells of the vertebrate host.

A

Amastigotes — Leishmania spp.

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12
Q

The reservoir hosts are rodents, dogs, foxes and jackals.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

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13
Q

The infection is usually transmitted by the bite (blood feed) of the female sandfly, genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

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14
Q

Human infection has been reported from blood transfusion, congenital transmission, contamination of bite wounds and by contact.

A

Transmission — Leishmania spp.

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15
Q

[2] Clinical types of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Leishmania major
  2. Leishmania tropica
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16
Q

found in sparsely inhabited areas.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

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17
Q

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

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18
Q

Wet lesions with severe reaction.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

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19
Q

rapid ulceration; few amastigotes.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania major

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20
Q

found in more densely populated regions.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

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21
Q

Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

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22
Q

Dry lesions with minimal ulceration.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

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23
Q

Many amastigotes; persists for months.

[clinical types of leishmania mexicana]

A

Leishmania tropica

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24
Q

Disease: New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, chiclero ulcer, bay sore.

A

Leishmania mexicana

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25
Q

Cutaneous form, increasing in numbers of infected.

A

Leishmania mexicana

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26
Q

3 clinical manifestastions of Leishmani Mexicana

A
  1. Cutaneous – Chiclero-ulcer
  2. Nasopharyngeal mucosal – rare manifestation
  3. Visceral – rare manifestation
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27
Q

main reservoir are rodents.

A

Leishmania mexicana

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28
Q

2 Uncommon types of Leishmania spp.

A
  1. Leishmania aethiopica
  2. Leishmaniasis recidiva
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29
Q

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL): caused by, diffuse nodular non-ulcerating lesions. Low immunity to Leishmania antigens (anergic) numerous parasites.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania aethiopica

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30
Q

lupoid leishmaniasis: severe immunological reaction to leishmania antigen leading to persistent dry skin lesions, few parasites.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania recidiva

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31
Q

Causes espundia, uta or mucotaneous/american leishmaniasis.

[leishmania]

A

Leishmania braziliensis

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32
Q

Found in Central Mexico and Northern Argentina

[leishmania]

A

Leishmania braziliensis

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33
Q

Find LD bodies in tissues.

[leishmania]

A

Leishmania braziliensis

34
Q

Once cured, lifelong immunity; if dormant may re-occur.

[leishmania]

A

Leishmania braziliensis

35
Q

Has a clinical picture dominated by great destruction of the nasal mucosa, sometimes with respiratory complications.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

36
Q

The most feared form of leishmaniasis because it produces destructive and disfiguring lesions of the face (Tapir nose).

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

37
Q

Espundia: metastatic spread to the oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

38
Q

3 Diagnosis of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Smear
  2. Biopsy
  3. Serologic techniques
39
Q

Highly specific and of great use in cutaneous leishmaniasis, although the test may be negative in the disseminated form.

A

Montenegro Intradermal reaction

40
Q

Cellular immunity depends on T-lymphocytes and becomes positive 24-48 hours after infection.

A

Montenegro Intradermal reaction

41
Q

Disease: Visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, dum dum fever.

A

Leishmania Donovani

42
Q

Leishmania that mainly affect children.

A

Leishmania infantum

43
Q

Leishmania that mainly affects adults.

A

Leishmania Donovani

44
Q

There are geographical variations.

A

Leishmania Donovani

45
Q

[3] Treatment of Leishmania Donovani

A
  1. First line therapy
  2. Second line therapy
  3. Liposomal AMB
46
Q

(Antimonials): SbV, Pentavalent antimonials include sodium stibogluconate and methyl glucamine antimonite.

[treatment for leishmania donovani]

A

First line therapy

47
Q

Amphotericin B, pentamidine(for kala-azar), metronidazole, nifurtimox.

[treatment for leishmania donovani]

A

Second line therapy

48
Q

Less toxic than AMB. It has been effective in the primary treatment of VL in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients .

[treatment for leishmania donovani]

A

Liposomal AMB

49
Q

Disease: Human African Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei

50
Q

It is caused by [two] subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei, namely:

A
  1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
51
Q

East Africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs, East African/Rhodesian sleeping sickness.

A

Trypanosoma rhodesiense

52
Q

West and Central Africa, mainly human infection, West African/Gambian sleeping sickness.

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

53
Q

[3] Types of Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Mucocutaneous
  3. Visceral
54
Q

(localized and diffuse) infections appear as obvious skin reactions.

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

55
Q

espundia) infections will start off as a reaction at the bite, and can go via metastasis into the mucous membrane and become fatal.

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

56
Q

Infections are often recognized by fever, swelling of the liver and spleen, and anemia. They are known by many local names, Dum Dum Fever, Death Fever and Kala azar.

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

57
Q

The most common is the Oriental Sore (caused by species L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica, L. mexicana.)

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Cutaneous Leishmania

58
Q

L. braziliensis

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

59
Q

Caused exclusively by species of the L. donovani complex (L. donovani, L. infantum syn. L. chagasi)

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

60
Q

Found in tropical and subtropical areas of all continents except Australia.

[types of leishmaniasis]

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

61
Q

Through the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), the metacyclic trypomastigotes will be inoculated to the blood of the host.

A

Trypanosoma brucei

62
Q

[2] Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei

A
  1. Winterbottom’s sign
  2. Kerandel’s sign
63
Q

Enlarged, non-tender posterior cervical lymph nodes with a consistency of ripe plums.

[Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei]

A

Winterbottom’s sign

64
Q

CNS invasion, more severe headache, increased mental dullness and apathy, tremors, hyperesthesia.

[Gambian Trypanosomiasis of Trypanosoma Brucei]

A

Kerandel’s sign

65
Q

more rapid and fatal.

A

Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis

66
Q

Occurs in Amazon basin, in Mato Grosso State in Brazil, and in Venezuela.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania pifanol

67
Q

Isolated only from patients with the diffuse cutaneous form of the disease.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania pifanol

68
Q

Initial lesion is a single one, often a period of months or years passes before the disease spreads both locally and to distant skin areas.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania pifanol

69
Q

Irregularly shaped papules.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania pifanol

70
Q

Do not invade in the viscera, and the patient remains in good health.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania pifanol

71
Q

Occurs in the Amazon basin of Brazil and is the cause of cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania amazonensis

72
Q

Reservoir: small forest mammals, including rodents, marsupials, and foxes.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania amazonensis

73
Q

Principal vector: Lutzomyia sandfly

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania amazonensis

74
Q

Causes Venezuelan Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania garnhami

75
Q

Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in a forested area along the River Turbio, state of Lara, Venezuela.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania venezuelensis

76
Q

Confined to the Western Peruvian Andes, causes a disease in humans known locally as “uta”.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania peruviana

77
Q

Domestic dog and wild rodent are reservoir hosts and sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia are the vectors.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania peruviana

78
Q

Occurs in the Guyanas and Northern Brazil; disease known locally as pian bois, reservoir hosts are arboreal sloths and anteaters, and Lutzomyia is the sandfly vector.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania guyanensis

79
Q

Occurs in Panama, Costa Rica, and Colombia, variety of reservoir hosts, including sloths, rodents, monkeys, and procyonids. Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus sandflies are vectors.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania panamensis

80
Q

Infections have been reported from Brazil and Peru; Lutzomyia sandflies are the natural vector, and agouti is the wild animal reservoir.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania lainsoni

81
Q

Reported to infect human in Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama; Litzomyia is the sandfly vector, and the sloth is a natural reservoir.

[uncommon types of leishmania]

A

Leishmania Colombiensis

82
Q

Specimen of choice of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

A

punch biopsy

Clinical Parasitology (14 decks)

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