Introduction — Prelim Flashcards
It is the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.
Parasitology
It is concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
Medical Parasitology
It is branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.
Tropical Medicine
It is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.
Tropical disease
It is the living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms.
Symbiosis
It exists when two symbionts are merely “traveling together”, and there is no physiological or biochemical dependence on the part of either participant.
Phoresis
It is a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other.
Mutualism
It is a symbiotic relationship in which two species benefits from one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.
Commensalism
It is a symbiotic relationship where on organism , the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.
Parasitism
A parasite living inside the body of a host.
Endoparasite
The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called what?
Infection
A parasite living outside the body of a host.
Ectoparasite
The presence of an ectoparasite on a host is called what?
Infestation
According to relationship between host and parasite — It remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life.
Permanent
According to relationship between host and parasite — It lives on the host only for a short period of time.
Temporary
According to relationship between host and parasite — It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
Spurious
It is known as the organism that provides physical protection and nourishment to the parasite.
Hosts
6 types of Host
- Definitive Host
- Intermediate Host
- First Intermediate Host
- Second Intermediate Host
- Paratenic Host
- Reservoir Host
It is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
(types of host)
Definitive Host
It harbors the asexual of larval stage of the parasite.
(types of host)
Intermediate Host
Harbors the early larval stage of parasite.
(types of host)
First Intermediate Host
Harbors the infective larval stage of parasite.
(types of host)
Second Intermediate Host
It is one in which thee parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host.
(types of host)
Paratenic Host
Any animal that harbor an infection that can be transmitted to humans, even if the animal is a normal host of the parasite.
(types of host)
Reservoir Host
Infective stage is called cyst.
Encysting protozoans
Infective stage is called trophozite.
Non-encysting protozoans
Infective stage is called the embryonated egg.
Egg laying nematodes
These are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
Vector
Vector Transmitted Parasite — If the arthropod is simply an instrument of passive transfer.
Mechanical
Vector Transmitted Parasite — It transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host.
Biological
It results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.
Autoinfection
It happens when the already infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.
Superinfection
What are the most common sources of infection?
Contaminated soil and Water
Modes of Transmission — The most likely portal of entry is what?
Mouth
Prevention & Control — It is the avoidance of illness caused by infections. It may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.
Morbidity control
Prevention & Control — It is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain health life practices.
Information-education-communciation
Prevention & Control — It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factor of their interaction with human beings.
Environmental management
Prevention & Control — It involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water.
Environmental sanitation
Prevention & Control — It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water.
Sanitation
It is used of the anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.
Deworming
It refers to the number (usually expressed as a percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on the examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.
(treatment)
Cure rate
It is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after after the treatment.
(treatment)
Egg Reduction Rate
It involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based in presumptive grounds.
(treatment)
Selective treatment
It is group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.
(treatment)
Targeted treatment
It is population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.
(treatment)
Universal treatment
It is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.
(treatment)
Preventive Chemotherapy
It is defined as permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.
Disease Eradication
It is a reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.
Disease Elimination
These are provided with a nucleus or nuclei,
cytoplasm, an outer limiting membrane, and cellular elaborations called organelles.
Protozoans
4 Classification of Protozoa
- Sarcomastigophora
- Ciliophora
- Apicomplexa
- Microspora
3 Classification of Metozoan
- Platyhelminthes
- Nemathelminths
- Arthropoda
Representative anti-parasitic drugs.
Parasite Group
Metronidazole
Protozoan
Mebendazole
Nematode
Praziquantel
Platyhelminthes Trematodes & Cestodes
Amoeba: Equipped with pseudopods “false feet”
Sarcodina
Ciliata: ciliates: equipped with cilia, hair-like structures.
Ciliophora
Flagellates: Equipped with flagellum, whip like.
Mastigophora
Parasites that are not equipped with definite locomotor apparatus.
Amicomplexa
Consists of spore-forming parasites of both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Microspora
Trematoda: flukes-leaf-shaped elongated, slender organisms
Platyhelminthes
Cestoda: tapeworm: elongated, ribbon-like, segmented orgamisms.
Platyhelminthes
Nemathodes: roundworms elongated, cylindrical worms
Nemathelminthes
Composed of bilaterally symmetrical organisms with segmented and jointed appendages.
Arthropod
