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Clinical Parasitology > Introduction — Prelim > Flashcards

Introduction — Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

It is the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

It is concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

It is branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

It is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.

A

Tropical disease

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5
Q

It is the living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

It exists when two symbionts are merely “traveling together”, and there is no physiological or biochemical dependence on the part of either participant.

A

Phoresis

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7
Q

It is a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other.

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

It is a symbiotic relationship in which two species benefits from one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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9
Q

It is a symbiotic relationship where on organism , the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.

A

Parasitism

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10
Q

A parasite living inside the body of a host.

A

Endoparasite

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11
Q

The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called what?

A

Infection

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12
Q

A parasite living outside the body of a host.

A

Ectoparasite

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13
Q

The presence of an ectoparasite on a host is called what?

A

Infestation

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14
Q

According to relationship between host and parasite — It remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life.

A

Permanent

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15
Q

According to relationship between host and parasite — It lives on the host only for a short period of time.

A

Temporary

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16
Q

According to relationship between host and parasite — It is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.

A

Spurious

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17
Q

It is known as the organism that provides physical protection and nourishment to the parasite.

A

Hosts

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18
Q

6 types of Host

A
  1. Definitive Host
  2. Intermediate Host
  3. First Intermediate Host
  4. Second Intermediate Host
  5. Paratenic Host
  6. Reservoir Host
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19
Q

It is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.

(types of host)

A

Definitive Host

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20
Q

It harbors the asexual of larval stage of the parasite.

(types of host)

A

Intermediate Host

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21
Q

Harbors the early larval stage of parasite.

(types of host)

A

First Intermediate Host

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22
Q

Harbors the infective larval stage of parasite.

(types of host)

A

Second Intermediate Host

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23
Q

It is one in which thee parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host.

(types of host)

A

Paratenic Host

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24
Q

Any animal that harbor an infection that can be transmitted to humans, even if the animal is a normal host of the parasite.

(types of host)

A

Reservoir Host

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25
Q

Infective stage is called cyst.

A

Encysting protozoans

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26
Q

Infective stage is called trophozite.

A

Non-encysting protozoans

27
Q

Infective stage is called the embryonated egg.

A

Egg laying nematodes

28
Q

These are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vector

29
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasite — If the arthropod is simply an instrument of passive transfer.

A

Mechanical

30
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasite — It transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host.

A

Biological

31
Q

It results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

A

Autoinfection

32
Q

It happens when the already infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

A

Superinfection

33
Q

What are the most common sources of infection?

A

Contaminated soil and Water

34
Q

Modes of Transmission — The most likely portal of entry is what?

A

Mouth

35
Q

Prevention & Control — It is the avoidance of illness caused by infections. It may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity.

A

Morbidity control

36
Q

Prevention & Control — It is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain health life practices.

A

Information-education-communciation

37
Q

Prevention & Control — It is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factor of their interaction with human beings.

A

Environmental management

38
Q

Prevention & Control — It involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water.

A

Environmental sanitation

39
Q

Prevention & Control — It is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water.

A

Sanitation

40
Q

It is used of the anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.

A

Deworming

41
Q

It refers to the number (usually expressed as a percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on the examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.

(treatment)

A

Cure rate

42
Q

It is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after after the treatment.

(treatment)

A

Egg Reduction Rate

43
Q

It involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based in presumptive grounds.

(treatment)

A

Selective treatment

44
Q

It is group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

(treatment)

A

Targeted treatment

45
Q

It is population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics.

(treatment)

A

Universal treatment

46
Q

It is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections.

(treatment)

A

Preventive Chemotherapy

47
Q

It is defined as permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Disease Eradication

48
Q

It is a reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts.

A

Disease Elimination

49
Q

These are provided with a nucleus or nuclei,
cytoplasm, an outer limiting membrane, and cellular elaborations called organelles.

A

Protozoans

50
Q

4 Classification of Protozoa

A
  1. Sarcomastigophora
  2. Ciliophora
  3. Apicomplexa
  4. Microspora
51
Q

3 Classification of Metozoan

A
  1. Platyhelminthes
  2. Nemathelminths
  3. Arthropoda
52
Q

Representative anti-parasitic drugs.

A

Parasite Group

53
Q

Metronidazole

A

Protozoan

54
Q

Mebendazole

A

Nematode

55
Q

Praziquantel

A

Platyhelminthes Trematodes & Cestodes

56
Q

Amoeba: Equipped with pseudopods “false feet”

A

Sarcodina

57
Q

Ciliata: ciliates: equipped with cilia, hair-like structures.

A

Ciliophora

58
Q

Flagellates: Equipped with flagellum, whip like.

A

Mastigophora

59
Q

Parasites that are not equipped with definite locomotor apparatus.

A

Amicomplexa

60
Q

Consists of spore-forming parasites of both vertebrates and invertebrates.

A

Microspora

61
Q

Trematoda: flukes-leaf-shaped elongated, slender organisms

A

Platyhelminthes

62
Q

Cestoda: tapeworm: elongated, ribbon-like, segmented orgamisms.

A

Platyhelminthes

63
Q

Nemathodes: roundworms elongated, cylindrical worms

A

Nemathelminthes

64
Q

Composed of bilaterally symmetrical organisms with segmented and jointed appendages.

A

Arthropod

Clinical Parasitology (19 decks)

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