Blood and Tissue Flagellates Flashcards
Parasites which inhabits the tissue and the blood of human with the aid of vectors.
Hemoflagellates
[4] member species of Blood and Tissue Flagellates
- Leishmania spp.
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma cruzi
[3] Structural Parts of Hemoflagellates
- Blepharoplast
- Kinetoplast
- Undulating membrane
Basal body in certain flagellated protozoans that consists of a minute mass of chromatin embedded in the cytoplasm at the base of the flagellum.
[structural part]
Blepharoplast
A disk-shaped mass of circular DNAs inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
[structural part]
Kinetoplast
a locomotory organelle of certain flagellate (trypanosome and trichomonad) parasites, consisting of a finlike extension of the limiting membrane with the flagellar sheath; wavelike rippling of the undulating membrane produces a characteristic movement.
[structural part]
Undulating membrane
[4] Stages of Development of Hemoflagellates
- Amastigote
- Promastigote
- Epimastigote
- Trypomastigote
Disease: Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
Found trypanosome on the intestine of a triatomid bug were the same parasite found in a child suffering from fever and enlargement of lymph nodes.
Carlos Chagas — Trypanosoma cruzi
Exhibits all four stage of development: amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote.
Trypanosoma cruzi
An intracellular parasite.
Trypanosoma cruzi
5 Common names of Biological Vector
- Triatomine bugs
- Reduviid bugs
- Assassin bugs
- Conenose bugs
- Kissing bugs
3 Genera of Biological Vector
- Triatoma
- Rhodnius
- Panstrongylus
[4] Mode of Transmission — Trypanosoma cruzi
- Vector
- Transfusion
- Congenital
- Accidental
Natural transmission by triatomine bugs through blood meal/contamination with infected feces.
[Mode of Transmission — Trypanosoma cruzi]
Vector
A prevalent mode of transmission in urban area. Gentian violet (24hr) eliminates parasite in blood.
[Mode of Transmission — Trypanosoma cruzi]
Transfusion
Occurs during any stage of T. cruzi infection. Can result in premature labor, abortion or neonatal defects.
[Mode of Transmission — Trypanosoma cruzi]
Congenital
Ingestion of food contaminated with metacyclic trypomastigotes.
[Mode of Transmission — Trypanosoma cruzi]
Accidental
2 types of Biologic Vector
- Salivarian
- Stercoralian
transmission via mouth parts.
[biologic vector]
Salivarian
very efficient.
[biologic vector]
Salivarian
infection rate in vector is low.
[biologic vector]
Salivarian
hind gut station: acquired from feces or eating the vector.
[biologic vector]
Stercoralian
inefficient
[biologic vector]
Stercoralian
infection rate
[biologic vector]
Stercoralian
[3] Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi
- Acute phase
- Indeterminate phase
- Chronic phase
active infection.
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Acute phase
1-4 months duration.
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Acute phase
most are asymptomatic (children most likely to be symptomatic).
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Acute phase
10-30 years of latency
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Indeterminate phase
relatively asymptomatic with no detectable parasitemia- seropositive.
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Indeterminate phase
10-30% of infected exhibit cardio-myopathy or megasyndromes.
[Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi]
Chronic phase
1-2 week incubation period.
Acute phase features
[2] sign of Acute phase features
- Romaña’s sign
- Chagoma
edema of the eyelid and conjunctiva.
[sign of apf]
Romaña’s sign
inflammation at the site of inoculation.
[sign of apf]
Chagoma
symptoms can include: fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea, diarrhea.
Acute phase features
acute, often fatal, myocarditis develops in a few individuals o high parasitemias in myofibrils.
Acute phase features
Long latency characterized by seropositivity and no parasitemia.
Chronic Chagas’ Cardiomyopathy
Higher prevalence of ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic seropositive persons.
Chronic Chagas’ Cardiomyopathy
progressive development of abnormalities.
Chronic Chargas’ Cardiomyopathy
[2] progressive development of abnormalities.
- right bundle branch block
- left anterior hemiblock
cardiomegaly.
Pathology — Trypanosoma cruzi
apical aneurysm (left ventricle).
Pathology — Trypanosoma cruzi
extensive fibrosis.
Pathology — Trypanosoma cruzi
hypertrophy
Pathology — Trypanosoma cruzi
Pseudocyst in a section of heart muscle.
Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi
Note necrosis in upper right corner.
Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi
history of living in infested house.
Diagnosis — Trypanosoma cruzi
bug bite, chagoma, Romaña’s sign.
Diagnosis — Trypanosoma cruzi
Allow triatomine bugs to feed on patient and look 10-30 days later for flagellates.
Xenodiagnosis — Trypanosoma cruzi
Winterbottom’s sign (enlarged, non-tender posterior cervical lymph nodes with a consistency of ripe plums.
Gambian trypanosomiasis — Trypanosoma cruzi
After recovery of Leishmania Donovani, it might produce a condition called ______ that resembles histioid type of leprosy.
Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis [PKDL]
