Plants Flashcards
Plants can be classified into 2 types, what are they?
Bryophytes- primitive plants, don’t have vascular tissue and roots, tiny because they lack tissue necessary to support tall plants
Tracheophytes- modern and primitive plants, have vascular tissue, divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms
Describe gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gymnosperms- conifers, come bearing plants, produce seeds in the surface of cones
Angiosperms- flowering plants, in which seeds develop inside the ovaries, has 2 types monocots and dicots
What are the differences between monocots and dicots, give examples of both
Monocots- wheat, corn, rice, grass
Dicots- daises, roses, carrots
Summarize primary growth in plants
Vertical growth, is the elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air. There are three zones of primary growth, 1: zone of cell division: contains meristem cells, 2: zone of elongation: responsible for pushing the foot down into the soil
3: zone of differentiation: undergo specialization in three different meristems: epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue
What are the 4 parts of the root and what are there functions
Epidermis- modified for absorption, extends root hairs that increase absorption
Cortex- storage, made from parenchyma cells
Stele- transport, consists of vascular tissue
Endoderm- select what enters the stele and the body of the plant
What is lateral movement, and how is it accomplished
It is the movement of water and solutes across a plant. Accomplished by symplast: the system of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata, and apoplast: the network of cell walls that permit movement of water within a plant
Describe the mycorrhizae and the rhizobium
Mycorrhizae- consist of the plants roots mixed with the filaments of a fungus increasing the amount of nutrients that can be absorbed
Rhizobium- fixes nitrogen from the air into a form the plant requires
What are the three type of roots, state their function
Tap root- large roots that give rise to lateral branch roots
Aerial roots- stick up from the water and adds air to the roots
Prop roots- grow above ground and help support the plant
What are the functions of epidermis, waxy cuticle, guard cells, palisade mesophlly, spongy mesophlly, and veins
What are the 3 types of plant tissue and what are their functions
Dermal- outer protective layer, consists of epidermal cells, they do not photosynthesize and are chloroplast less, except guard cells
Vascular- transports water and nutrients, xylem consist of tracheids and vessel elements, phleom consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells
Ground- makes up everything except dermal and vascular tissue, has three types: parenchyma(primary cell wall, no secondary), collenchyma(unevenly thickened cell wall, no secondary) sclerenchyma(thick cell wall and secondary)
Describe xylem and phloem
Xylem- made up of tracheids and vessel elements, carries water from the soil up to the tallest leaves with no expenditure of energy
Phloem- made up of sieve tube elements and companion cells, they carry sugar from photosynthetic leafs to the rest of the plant by translocation
Describe all sexual organs of the plant, petals, sepal, pistil, ovary, ovule, style, stigma, stamen, anther, and filament
Petals- brightly colored to attract pollinating animal
Sepal- protective circle of leaves
Pistils- consists of ovary, style, and stigma
Ovary- contains the ovule
Ovule- where the female gametophytes are produced
Style- long stalk of the pistil
Stigma- where the pollen lands and germinates
Stamen- made up of the anther and filaments
Filament- opposites side of the anther
Anther- where male sperm(pollen) is made
What is the alternation of generations
In which haploid(n) or gametophytes and diploid(2n) sporophyte alternate with each other
Describe mosses, ferns, and seed plants
Mosses- bryophytes, green carpet like plant, are primitive plants. The gametophyte generation dominates the life cycle. Sporophyte depends of gametophytes to obtain nutrients through photosynthesis
Ferns- seedless vascular plants, sporophytes generation is independent, sporophyte and gametophytes sustain themselves through photosynthesis
Seed plants- in flowering plants: gametophytes are dependent on the sporophytes
Describe hormones
Hormones help coordinate growth, and development, are produced in small quantities, their signal is amplified and can have multiple effects on plants
