Human Immune System Flashcards
What are pathogens
Organisms that cause deceases
What are the nonspecific defense
First line of defense- skin, mucous membrane, cilia, and stomach acid
Second line of defense-
1-inflammatory response: swelling, redness and increased warmth, purpose is to increase blood flow, histamine triggers vasodilation that increases blood supply responsible for the common cold
2-phagocytes: macrophages uses phagocytosis to engulf microbes
3-interferons: chemicals released by the body to block against viral infections
Describe the third line of defense
Is a specific defense, made of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow
B-lymphocytes produces antibodies against a specific antigen called a humoral response
T-lymphocytes- fight pathogens in hand-to-hand combat in cell-mediated response
What is clonal selection
When antigens that enter the body binds to a T-lymphocyte or B-lymphocyte, it becomes very active and copied it self Millions of times and differentiates into plasma or memory cells
Describe what plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma- neutralize antigens immediately, in primary immune response and they do not live long
Memory- neutralize the same antigen as plasma cells but they circulate the blood in small numbers for a lifetime, immunological response is the ability to produce a second immune response
State the main differences between passive and active immunity
Passive- is temporary, antibodies are borrowed and do not survive long
Active- is permanent, the body makes its own
What is a cross match
Before someone receives a blood transfusion, samples of the recipient and the donor must be mixed to determine compatibility
Why is O-blood known as the universal? And why is AB known as the universal recipient?
Because O doesn’t have antigens that clump the recipients blood
Because AB has no antibodies to block the donors blood
What antigens and antibodies are present in each blood type
Describe AIDS and HIV
AIDS- acquired immune deficiency syndrome, highly susceptible to opportunistic diseases that take advantage of a collapsed immune system
HIV- is a retrovirus, transcribes it self in reverse
What are allergies and anaphylactic shock
Allergies- hypersensitive immune response caused by allergens, involved the release of excessive amounts of histamine
Anaphylactic shock- acute allergic responses that can result in death within minutes
What is the differences between vaccines and antibiotics
Vaccines- are given to prevent illness and viral infections that have no cure
Antibiotics- are given after being sick and kill bacteria and fungi
