Cell Respiration

Question 1

Define cell respiration and state its equation

Answer 1

Is a series of oxidative reactions by which cells release energy stored in glucose and create ATP, the equation is C6H12O6+6O2=6Co2+6H20+energy

Question 2

What does ATP consist of, and how is it related to ADP

Answer 2

ATP is made from adenosine(ribose+adenine) and 3 phosphates, ADP=ATP-1phosphate

Question 3

Describe the structure of mitochondria

Answer 3

Mitochondria has a inner membrane called cristae where the ETC takes place, and the matrix where the Krebs cycle takes place

Question 4

Describe the entirety of the glycolysis process

Answer 4

It is the anaerobic phase and occurs in the cytoplasm, it breaks down a glucose molecule in half producing pyruvate. It uses 2 ATP but produces 4, it also produces 2NADH.
1glucose+2ATP=2pyruvate+4ATP+2NADH

Question 5

Summarize the citric acid cycle

Answer 5

It is the first stage of the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration, occurs in the matrix. Pyruvate combines with Co enzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle, each turn produces 1 ATP 1FADH 3NADH and Co2 as by product

Question 6

What are NADH and FADH

Answer 6

They are coenzymes that shuttle protons and electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle into the ETC, their oxidized forms are NAD* and FAD+, NADH=3ATP while FADH=2ATP

Question 7

Summarize the electron transport chain

Answer 7

The energy from the electrons that the coenzymes bring, when brought through the ETC powers the pumping of protons through the cristae from the matrix to the outer compartment against a gradient, the gradient is maintained because protons can only flow back through ATP synthase channels

Question 8

How do cells produce energy by chemiosmosis

Answer 8

When energy flows through ATP synthase channels their potential energy is transferred into kinetic then into ATP

Question 9

Describe when lactic acid and alcohol fermentation occur and why

Answer 9

They occur in anaerobic respiration after glycolysis, alcohol fermentation is the process when cells converts pyruvate into ethly alcohol and carbons dioxide, lactic acid fermentation occurs when the body cannot keep up with the demand of oxygen, acids form and build in the muscle causing a burning sensation