Plant Reproduction

Question 1

Apomixis

Answer 1

Clone of mother plant

Seeds, but no sperm

Question 2

4 flower organs

Answer 2

Sepal
Petal
Stamen
Carpel

Question 3

Sepal

Answer 3

Photosynthesis
Protection of unopened floral bud
Growing plant: green bud covering enclosing unopened flower

Question 4

Petal

Answer 4

Brightly colored

Attract pollinators

Question 5

Carpel

Answer 5

Female reproductive system of plant

Stigma, style, ovary

Question 6

Ovary

Answer 6

Base of carpel
Contains ovule (houses embryo sac)

Question 7

Style

Answer 7

Neck of carpel

Connects stigma with ovary

Question 8

Stigma

Answer 8

Top of carpel

Sticky: captures pollen

Question 9

Receptacle

Answer 9

Attaches floral organs to stem

Question 10

Stamen

Answer 10

Male reproductive system of plant

Filament and anther

Question 11

Anther

Answer 11

Pollen-containing portion of stamen

Top of stamen

Question 12

Filament

Answer 12

Stalk of stamen

Question 13

Perfect

Answer 13

Containing both male and female parts

Question 14

Complete

Answer 14

Containing all 4 floral organs

Question 15

Dioecious species

Answer 15

Either male or female flower on 1 plant

Question 16

Monoecious

Answer 16

Both male and female flowers on 1 plant

Question 17

Thrum and pin flowers

Answer 17

Thrum: stamens are above styles
Pin: styles are above stamens
Outcrossing: thrums are good at pollinating pins and vice versa

Question 18

Angiosperm life cycle

Answer 18

Pollen (n) from anther sticks to stigma
Pollen releases sperm (n), which travel down to egg
Sperm fertilizes egg
Zygote (2n) becomes embryo (2n) (seed)
Seed germinates
Mature sporophyte plant (2n) grows

Question 19

Development of male gametophyte

Answer 19

Microsporophyll (2n): stamen ->
Microsporangia (2n): pollen sac ->
Microsporocyte (2n) ->
Meiosis ->
4 microspores (n): pollen tetrad ->
Mitosis ->
Microgametophyte (n): pollen grain (has nucleus and generative cell that forms 2 sperm)

Question 20

Development of female gametophyte

Answer 20

Megasporophyll (2n): carpel ->
Megasporangia (2n): ovule ->
Megasporocyte (2n): female spore/”mother cell” ->
Meiosis ->
Megaspores (n): 3 out of 4 degenerate ->
Mitosis ->
Megagametophyte (n): embryo sac w/egg

Question 21

Contents of megagametophyte

Answer 21

3 antipodal cells (opposite end of sac as egg)
2 polar nuclei (middle of sac)
1 egg
2 synergids (surround egg)

Question 22

Pollinators

Answer 22

Many different varieties: moths and butterflies, flies, bats, birds, bees, etc.
Reason why there are so many different species of angiosperms

Question 23

Double fertilization

Answer 23

2 sperm are released by pollen grain
1 fuses with egg, creating zygote (2n)
Other fuses with 2 polar nuclei, creating endosperm (3n)

Question 24

Endosperm

Answer 24

Storage structure for growing plant

Question 25

Cotyledons

Answer 25

Seed leaves on embryo Monocot: 1 Dicot: 2

Question 26

Development of embryo

Answer 26

Zygote -> basal cell and terminal cell -> terminal cell turns into proembryo and basal cell produces suspensor (umbilical cord) -> proembryo develops cotyledons, shoot apex, root apex, and seed coat

Question 27

Simple fruit

Answer 27

Develops from single carpel or several fused carpels of 1 flower Example: pea

Question 28

Aggregate fruit

Answer 28

Develops from many separate carpels of 1 flower | Example: raspberry

Question 29

Multiple fruit

Answer 29

Develops from many carpels of the many flowers that form as an inflorescence Example: pineapple

Question 30

Accessory fruit

Answer 30

Develops largely from tissues other than ovary | Example: apple (ovary=core; receptacle=part we eat)

Question 31

Fruit and seed dispersal

Answer 31

Wind: dandelion seeds, tumbleweeds, winged fruit of maple Water: coconut seed inside buoyant husk Animal: squirrel burying seeds, seeds dispersed in black bear feces, ant carrying seed to nest

Question 32

Eudicot seed

Answer 32

Example: bean 2 seed leaves (cotyledons): storage and covering of developing leaf Seed coat covers seed Radicle (in bent part of bean): embryonic root

Question 33

Monocot seed

Answer 33

``` Example: corn 1 seed leaf (cotyledon): developing leaf Coleoptile: covers young shoot Coleorhiza: covers young root Endosperm: food storage ```