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Bio 121 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cell that secretes cartilage matrix

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2
Q

Lacuna

A

“Lake” that surrounds chondrocyte

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

Structural unit of bone tissue

Rings around Haversian canal; also in lacunae

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4
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small canals that contain extensions of osteocytes

Cracks in between osteocytes

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5
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central canal of bone matrix

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6
Q

Ossified matrix

A

Bone matrix

Ca3(PO4)2

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7
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Cardiac muscle cell-cell junctions

Appear as dark bands in cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of epidermis
Dead skin
Layer of skin without nuclei

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9
Q

P wave

A

Electrical stimulation of aorta

First wave on EKG

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10
Q

QRS wave

A

Conduction of signal through and contraction of ventricles
Electrical signal goes back up Purkinje fibers
Main spike on EKG

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11
Q

T wave

A

Cells in ventricle are electrically “reset” in preparation for next heartbeat
Wave to the right of QRS in EKG

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12
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully taken in following a normal inspiration

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14
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration

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15
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Amount of air that remains trapped in lungs after maximum expiration

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16
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration
Sum of IRV, TV, and ERV

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17
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

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18
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration

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19
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Total amount of air lungs can hold

Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, and RV

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20
Q

Seed leaves (cotyledons) monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: 1
Dicots: 2

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21
Q

Vascular bundle arrangement monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: scattered throughout stem
Dicots: in ring around stem

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22
Q

Flower parts monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: usually in multiples of 3
Dicots: usually in multiples of 4 or 5

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23
Q

Leaf venation monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: parallel
Dicots: net-like

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24
Q

Root system monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: fibrous
Dicots: usually has taproot

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25
Order Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
26
Order Coleoptera
Beetles
27
Order Diptera
Flies and mosquitoes
28
Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies and moths
29
Order Hymenoptera
Wasps, ants, bees
30
Stridulation
Sound produced by rubbing a hardened ridge (file) against another hardened structure (scraper) Bugs: mating calls or alarm calls
31
Pronotal humps
Horns/bumps on the pronotum (top of thorax) of male hissing cockroach Used to distinguish males from females (females have very small bumps or none at all)
32
Glycolysis
"Splitting of sugar" Oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to 2 pyruvate molecules Occurs in cytoplasm of cell 2 major phases: energy investment phase and energy payoff phase Overall yield: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
33
Citric acid cycle
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix Step 1: Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate Steps 2-8: Citrate -> oxaloacetate Net result: 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2
34
Electron transport chain
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps O2: final electron acceptor (forms H2O) Inner mitochondrial membrane Electron transfer drives complexes to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space
35
Chemiosmosis
Proton motive force: H+ from electron transport chain turns motor, making ATP Turning of motor generates energy to couple inorganic phosphate in matrix to ADP
36
ATP yield from cellular respiration
30-36 ATP from total cycle | Most come from oxidative phosphorylation
37
Effect of germination on cellular respiration of peas
Germinated peas respire more than non-germinated peas
38
Effect of temperature on cellular respiration of peas
Warm peas respire more than cold peas
39
CO2 and hemoglobin
CO2 produced by citric acid cycle is picked up by hemoglobin CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3- Increase in H+: decrease in pH Hemoglobin holds less O2 at higher pH Hemoglobin transports H+ to lungs: releases H+ to form H2CO3 which is then converted to H2O and CO2 CO2 is exhaled
40
Effect of exercise on tidal volume
TV increases during exercise
41
Effect of hyperventilation on breath-holding duration
Hyperventilation increases breath-holding duration
42
C3 vs. C4 first stable products in pathway
C3: first stable product has 3 carbons (phosphoglycerate) C4: first stable product has 4 carbons (oxaloacetate)
43
C3 vs. C4 carboxylating enzymes
C3: rubisco C4: PEP carboxylase and rubisco
44
C3 vs. C4 location of Calvin cycle
C3: mesophyll C4: bundle sheath cells
45
C3 vs. C4 photorespiration
Photorespiration: O2 is fixed when CO2 is scarce (increases when stomata close to conserve H2O during temperature increase) C3: present C4: not measurable
46
C3 vs. C4 photosynthesis rate
C4 rate > C3 rate
47
C3 vs. C4 ATP needed to fix CO2
C3: 3 C4: 4
48
4 animal tissue types
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
49
Epithelial tissue
Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body Contains cells that are closely joined in sheets Columnar: column-like cells Cuboidal: square-shaped cells Squamous: "squashed" cells
50
Connective tissue
Binds and supports other tissues Sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of fibers Collagenous fibers and elastic fibers (thinner)
51
Examples of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue (holds organs in place) Fibrous connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments) Adipose (fat) Cartilage Bone Blood
52
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue matrix: secrete fiber proteins
53
Muscle tissue
Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) capable of contracting in response to nerve signals
54
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal (striated-horizontal stripes, voluntary control) Cardiac (striated, involuntary) Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)
55
Nervous tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal | Made up of neurons and glial cells
56
Parts of neuron
Cell body (soma) Axon: transmits signal from one cell to another Dendrites: receives signal
57
Glial cells
Support and nourishment of long lines of axons
58
Mammalian circulatory pathway
Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillaries (diffusion of oxygen) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> vena cava -> right atrium
59
Atrioventricular valves
Separate atria from ventricles
60
Semilunar valves
Separate ventricles from arteries
61
Systole
Pumping or contraction phase of cardiac cycle
62
Diastole
Relaxation or filling phase of cardiac cycle
63
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker: sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cell contraction Influenced by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise
64
Heartbeat
1. SA node generates wave of signals to contract 2. Signals are delayed at AV node 3. Signals pass to heart apex and then Purkinje fibers 4. Ventricles contract
65
Cardiac cycle
1. Atrial and ventricular diastole: AV valves open, semilunar valves closed 2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole 3. Atrial diastole and ventricular systole: AV valves closed, semilunar valves open
66
Air flow through mammalian respiratory system
Nostrils -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi (2 main branches of trachea into lungs- 1 branch per lung) -> bronchioles (branches of bronchi) -> alveoli Alveoli: dead ends where gas exchange occurs

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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