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Bio 121 > Bio 121 Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio 121 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Cell that secretes cartilage matrix

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2
Q

Lacuna

A

“Lake” that surrounds chondrocyte

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

Structural unit of bone tissue

Rings around Haversian canal; also in lacunae

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4
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small canals that contain extensions of osteocytes

Cracks in between osteocytes

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5
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central canal of bone matrix

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6
Q

Ossified matrix

A

Bone matrix

Ca3(PO4)2

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7
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Cardiac muscle cell-cell junctions

Appear as dark bands in cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer of epidermis
Dead skin
Layer of skin without nuclei

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9
Q

P wave

A

Electrical stimulation of aorta

First wave on EKG

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10
Q

QRS wave

A

Conduction of signal through and contraction of ventricles
Electrical signal goes back up Purkinje fibers
Main spike on EKG

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11
Q

T wave

A

Cells in ventricle are electrically “reset” in preparation for next heartbeat
Wave to the right of QRS in EKG

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12
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

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13
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully taken in following a normal inspiration

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14
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration

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15
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Amount of air that remains trapped in lungs after maximum expiration

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16
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration
Sum of IRV, TV, and ERV

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17
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

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18
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration

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19
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Total amount of air lungs can hold

Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, and RV

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20
Q

Seed leaves (cotyledons) monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: 1
Dicots: 2

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21
Q

Vascular bundle arrangement monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: scattered throughout stem
Dicots: in ring around stem

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22
Q

Flower parts monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: usually in multiples of 3
Dicots: usually in multiples of 4 or 5

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23
Q

Leaf venation monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: parallel
Dicots: net-like

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24
Q

Root system monocots vs. dicots

A

Monocots: fibrous
Dicots: usually has taproot

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25
Q

Order Orthoptera

A

Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

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26
Q

Order Coleoptera

A

Beetles

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27
Q

Order Diptera

A

Flies and mosquitoes

28
Q

Order Lepidoptera

A

Butterflies and moths

29
Q

Order Hymenoptera

A

Wasps, ants, bees

30
Q

Stridulation

A

Sound produced by rubbing a hardened ridge (file) against another hardened structure (scraper)
Bugs: mating calls or alarm calls

31
Q

Pronotal humps

A

Horns/bumps on the pronotum (top of thorax) of male hissing cockroach
Used to distinguish males from females (females have very small bumps or none at all)

32
Q

Glycolysis

A

“Splitting of sugar”
Oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to 2 pyruvate molecules
Occurs in cytoplasm of cell
2 major phases: energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
Overall yield: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

33
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Takes place in mitochondrial matrix
Step 1: Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate
Steps 2-8: Citrate -> oxaloacetate
Net result: 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2

34
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps
O2: final electron acceptor (forms H2O)
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron transfer drives complexes to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space

35
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Proton motive force: H+ from electron transport chain turns motor, making ATP
Turning of motor generates energy to couple inorganic phosphate in matrix to ADP

36
Q

ATP yield from cellular respiration

A

30-36 ATP from total cycle

Most come from oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Effect of germination on cellular respiration of peas

A

Germinated peas respire more than non-germinated peas

38
Q

Effect of temperature on cellular respiration of peas

A

Warm peas respire more than cold peas

39
Q

CO2 and hemoglobin

A

CO2 produced by citric acid cycle is picked up by hemoglobin
CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
Increase in H+: decrease in pH
Hemoglobin holds less O2 at higher pH
Hemoglobin transports H+ to lungs: releases H+ to form H2CO3 which is then converted to H2O and CO2
CO2 is exhaled

40
Q

Effect of exercise on tidal volume

A

TV increases during exercise

41
Q

Effect of hyperventilation on breath-holding duration

A

Hyperventilation increases breath-holding duration

42
Q

C3 vs. C4 first stable products in pathway

A

C3: first stable product has 3 carbons (phosphoglycerate)
C4: first stable product has 4 carbons (oxaloacetate)

43
Q

C3 vs. C4 carboxylating enzymes

A

C3: rubisco
C4: PEP carboxylase and rubisco

44
Q

C3 vs. C4 location of Calvin cycle

A

C3: mesophyll
C4: bundle sheath cells

45
Q

C3 vs. C4 photorespiration

A

Photorespiration: O2 is fixed when CO2 is scarce (increases when stomata close to conserve H2O during temperature increase)
C3: present
C4: not measurable

46
Q

C3 vs. C4 photosynthesis rate

A

C4 rate > C3 rate

47
Q

C3 vs. C4 ATP needed to fix CO2

A

C3: 3
C4: 4

48
Q

4 animal tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

49
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body
Contains cells that are closely joined in sheets
Columnar: column-like cells
Cuboidal: square-shaped cells
Squamous: “squashed” cells

50
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds and supports other tissues
Sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of fibers
Collagenous fibers and elastic fibers (thinner)

51
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue (holds organs in place)
Fibrous connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments)
Adipose (fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

52
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Connective tissue matrix: secrete fiber proteins

53
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) capable of contracting in response to nerve signals

54
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (striated-horizontal stripes, voluntary control)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)

55
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

Made up of neurons and glial cells

56
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Cell body (soma)
Axon: transmits signal from one cell to another
Dendrites: receives signal

57
Q

Glial cells

A

Support and nourishment of long lines of axons

58
Q

Mammalian circulatory pathway

A

Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillaries (diffusion of oxygen) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> vena cava -> right atrium

59
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Separate atria from ventricles

60
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Separate ventricles from arteries

61
Q

Systole

A

Pumping or contraction phase of cardiac cycle

62
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation or filling phase of cardiac cycle

63
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Pacemaker: sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cell contraction
Influenced by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise

64
Q

Heartbeat

A
  1. SA node generates wave of signals to contract
  2. Signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Signals pass to heart apex and then Purkinje fibers
  4. Ventricles contract
65
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial and ventricular diastole: AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
  2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
  3. Atrial diastole and ventricular systole: AV valves closed, semilunar valves open
66
Q

Air flow through mammalian respiratory system

A

Nostrils -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi (2 main branches of trachea into lungs- 1 branch per lung) -> bronchioles (branches of bronchi) -> alveoli
Alveoli: dead ends where gas exchange occurs

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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