Bio 121 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
Chondrocyte
Cell that secretes cartilage matrix
Lacuna
“Lake” that surrounds chondrocyte
Osteocytes
Structural unit of bone tissue
Rings around Haversian canal; also in lacunae
Canaliculi
Small canals that contain extensions of osteocytes
Cracks in between osteocytes
Haversian canal
Central canal of bone matrix
Ossified matrix
Bone matrix
Ca3(PO4)2
Intercalated disks
Cardiac muscle cell-cell junctions
Appear as dark bands in cardiac muscle tissue
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer of epidermis
Dead skin
Layer of skin without nuclei
P wave
Electrical stimulation of aorta
First wave on EKG
QRS wave
Conduction of signal through and contraction of ventricles
Electrical signal goes back up Purkinje fibers
Main spike on EKG
T wave
Cells in ventricle are electrically “reset” in preparation for next heartbeat
Wave to the right of QRS in EKG
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully taken in following a normal inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration
Residual volume (RV)
Amount of air that remains trapped in lungs after maximum expiration
Vital capacity (VC)
Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration
Sum of IRV, TV, and ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Total amount of air lungs can hold
Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, and RV
Seed leaves (cotyledons) monocots vs. dicots
Monocots: 1
Dicots: 2
Vascular bundle arrangement monocots vs. dicots
Monocots: scattered throughout stem
Dicots: in ring around stem
Flower parts monocots vs. dicots
Monocots: usually in multiples of 3
Dicots: usually in multiples of 4 or 5
Leaf venation monocots vs. dicots
Monocots: parallel
Dicots: net-like
Root system monocots vs. dicots
Monocots: fibrous
Dicots: usually has taproot
Order Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
Order Coleoptera
Beetles
Order Diptera
Flies and mosquitoes
Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies and moths
Order Hymenoptera
Wasps, ants, bees
Stridulation
Sound produced by rubbing a hardened ridge (file) against another hardened structure (scraper)
Bugs: mating calls or alarm calls
Pronotal humps
Horns/bumps on the pronotum (top of thorax) of male hissing cockroach
Used to distinguish males from females (females have very small bumps or none at all)
Glycolysis
“Splitting of sugar”
Oxidation of 1 glucose molecule to 2 pyruvate molecules
Occurs in cytoplasm of cell
2 major phases: energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
Overall yield: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Citric acid cycle
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix
Step 1: Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate
Steps 2-8: Citrate -> oxaloacetate
Net result: 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2
Electron transport chain
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps
O2: final electron acceptor (forms H2O)
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron transfer drives complexes to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis
Proton motive force: H+ from electron transport chain turns motor, making ATP
Turning of motor generates energy to couple inorganic phosphate in matrix to ADP
ATP yield from cellular respiration
30-36 ATP from total cycle
Most come from oxidative phosphorylation
Effect of germination on cellular respiration of peas
Germinated peas respire more than non-germinated peas
Effect of temperature on cellular respiration of peas
Warm peas respire more than cold peas
CO2 and hemoglobin
CO2 produced by citric acid cycle is picked up by hemoglobin
CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
Increase in H+: decrease in pH
Hemoglobin holds less O2 at higher pH
Hemoglobin transports H+ to lungs: releases H+ to form H2CO3 which is then converted to H2O and CO2
CO2 is exhaled
Effect of exercise on tidal volume
TV increases during exercise
Effect of hyperventilation on breath-holding duration
Hyperventilation increases breath-holding duration
C3 vs. C4 first stable products in pathway
C3: first stable product has 3 carbons (phosphoglycerate)
C4: first stable product has 4 carbons (oxaloacetate)
C3 vs. C4 carboxylating enzymes
C3: rubisco
C4: PEP carboxylase and rubisco
C3 vs. C4 location of Calvin cycle
C3: mesophyll
C4: bundle sheath cells
C3 vs. C4 photorespiration
Photorespiration: O2 is fixed when CO2 is scarce (increases when stomata close to conserve H2O during temperature increase)
C3: present
C4: not measurable
C3 vs. C4 photosynthesis rate
C4 rate > C3 rate
C3 vs. C4 ATP needed to fix CO2
C3: 3
C4: 4
4 animal tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body
Contains cells that are closely joined in sheets
Columnar: column-like cells
Cuboidal: square-shaped cells
Squamous: “squashed” cells
Connective tissue
Binds and supports other tissues
Sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of fibers
Collagenous fibers and elastic fibers (thinner)
Examples of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue (holds organs in place)
Fibrous connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments)
Adipose (fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue matrix: secrete fiber proteins
Muscle tissue
Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) capable of contracting in response to nerve signals
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal (striated-horizontal stripes, voluntary control)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)
Nervous tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
Made up of neurons and glial cells
Parts of neuron
Cell body (soma)
Axon: transmits signal from one cell to another
Dendrites: receives signal
Glial cells
Support and nourishment of long lines of axons
Mammalian circulatory pathway
Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillaries (diffusion of oxygen) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> vena cava -> right atrium
Atrioventricular valves
Separate atria from ventricles
Semilunar valves
Separate ventricles from arteries
Systole
Pumping or contraction phase of cardiac cycle
Diastole
Relaxation or filling phase of cardiac cycle
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker: sets rate and timing for cardiac muscle cell contraction
Influenced by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise
Heartbeat
- SA node generates wave of signals to contract
- Signals are delayed at AV node
- Signals pass to heart apex and then Purkinje fibers
- Ventricles contract
Cardiac cycle
- Atrial and ventricular diastole: AV valves open, semilunar valves closed
- Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
- Atrial diastole and ventricular systole: AV valves closed, semilunar valves open
Air flow through mammalian respiratory system
Nostrils -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi (2 main branches of trachea into lungs- 1 branch per lung) -> bronchioles (branches of bronchi) -> alveoli
Alveoli: dead ends where gas exchange occurs