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Bio 121 > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells

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2
Q

Desmosomes

A

Connected to cytoskeleton

Space between: spot rivets

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3
Q

Gap junctions

A

Ions pass between cells

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4
Q

Development

A

Single cell -> blastula -> gastrula

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5
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells

Stage of embryonic development

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6
Q

Blastocoel

A

Cavity of blastula

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

Cells move from outside of blastula to inside

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8
Q

Archenteron

A

Gut

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9
Q

Protostome

A

“1st the mouth”
8 cell stage: top tier of cells sits in the furrow of the bottom tier (spiral and determinate)
Mesoderm splits to form coelom
Mouth develops from blastophore

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10
Q

Blastophore

A

Opening of gastrula

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11
Q

Deuterostome

A 
"2nd the mouth"
8 cell stage: cells stack on top of each other
Each cell is capable of forming a larva
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastophore
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12
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Distinct top and bottom sides

No distinct left and right sides

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13
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Distinct top, bottom, right, and left sides

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14
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity

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15
Q

Diploblast

A

Only ectoderm and endoderm

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16
Q

Ectoderm and endoderm

A

Outside cell layer and inside cell layer of embryo, respectively

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17
Q

Triploblast

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

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18
Q

Coelomate

A

Mesoderm tissue layers line ectoderm and coelom (suspend internal organs)

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19
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Mesoderm lines ectoderm, but not coelom

Fluid lines coelom

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20
Q

Acoelomate

A

Mesoderm tissue fills space between digestive tract and ectoderm

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21
Q

Porifera

A 
Sponges
No true tissues
Hermaphrodites
Sessile (stuck to site)
Flagellated swimming larvae
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22
Q

Sponge body plan

A

Pores
Spongocoel (central cavity)
Choanocytes (flagellated and collared cells that engulf food)
Ameobocytes (eat food, carry nutrients, manufacture skeletal fibers)
Osculum (large opening)

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23
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellies, corals, hydras
Radial symmetry
Central gastrovascular cavity
Diploblastic
2 forms: polyp (hydra) or medusae (jelly)
Asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction

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24
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Structures on cnidaria tentacles that release sticky chemicals that bind and/or stun prey
Nematocysts: more complex cnidocytes

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25
Hydrozoa
Cnidarians | Hydra
26
Scyphozoa
Cnidarians Jellyfishes No polyps
27
Cubozoa
``` Cnidarians Box-shaped Lens and cornea, but no brain Simple light-sensing cells Sea wasp ```
28
Anthozoa
Cnidarians Coral and anemone No medusae Contain symbiotic bacteria
29
Lophotrochozoa
Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Most are coelomates
30
Lophophore
Crown of feeding tentacles
31
Trocophore
Ciliated larval stage
32
Platyhelminthes
``` Lophotrochozoans Flatworms Acoelomate Gas exchange and waste: diffusion Gastrovascular cavity: one opening and branching Parasitic: require 2 hosts (Flukes) Regenerative abilities Eyespots (planaria) ```
33
Turbellaria
Platyhelminthes | Typical flatworms
34
Monogenea
Platyhelminthes | No complex 2-host life cycles
35
Trematoda
Platyhelminthes Flukes Complex 2-host life cycles
36
Cestoda
Platyhelminthes Tapeworms Scolex: mouth Proglottids: sacs of sex organs
37
Rotifers
Lophotrocozoans Pseudocoelomate Alimentary canal Suspension feeders Parthenogenesis: females lay eggs that develop into grown females (no sperm required) Rotifer ("wheel bearer"): crown of cilia that draws in food
38
Ectoprocta
``` Lophotrocozoans Coelomates U-shaped alimentary canals Lophophores: suspension feeders Bryozoans: colonial reef builders ```
39
Brachiopods
``` Lophotrocozoans Coelomates U-shaped alimentary canals Lophophores: suspension feeders Lamp shells ```
40
Mollusca
``` Lophotrocozoans Coelomates Foot: muscular, movement Visceral mass: contains internal organs Mantle: tissue that secretes shell Radula: "tongue" with teeth for scraping Trochopores Reproduction: mostly separate sexes, some hermaphrodites ```
41
Polyplacophora
``` Mollusks "Many plates" Herbivores Radula: scrape algae Strong muscular foot: difficult to dislodge ```
42
Gastropoda
``` Mollusks "Stomach foot" No shell: slugs Simple shell: limpet Coiled shell: snails ```
43
Bivalvia
``` Mollusks Clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters Suspension feeders 2-part hinged shell No head or radula ```
44
Cephalopoda
``` Mollusks "Head foot" Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus Carnivores: tentacles and beak-like jaw Shell reduced or missing Well developed sense organs and brain Closed circulatory system ```
45
Annelida
``` Lophotrocozoans Worms and leeches Coelomates Segmented Closed circulatory systems No heart Alimentary canal ```
46
Oligochaeta
``` Annelids "Few hairs" Earthworms and leeches Worms: chaetae (chitin bristles) Leeches: no chaetae, predators or parasites, hirudin (chemical secreted to prevent blood from coagulating) ```
47
Polychaeta
``` Annelids "Many bristles" Parapodia: ridges/paddles used for moving Chaetae Free living or tube dwellers ```
48
Ecdysozoa
Bilateral Protostomes Exoskeletons
49
Ecdysis
Molting
50
Nematoda
``` Ecdysozoans Round worms Pseudocoelomates Alimentary canal Free-living or parasite Usually separate sexes C. elegans: model organism for genetics, hermaphrodite Trichinella spiralis: causes trichinosis, hatch in intestine and burrow into other tissues ```
51
Arthropoda
Ecdysozoans Coelomates Segmented Jointed appendages Open circulatory system w/ hemolymph Gas exchange: gills, trachael system, or book lungs Exoskeleton made of chitin (provide protection, support muscles, prevent desiccation)
52
Cheliceriformes
``` Arthropods Horseshoe crabs, arachnids Chelicerae: claw-like feeding appendages Pedipalps: sensory organs located near anterior end (pincers in scorpions) Cephalothorax and abdomen 6 pairs of appendages (4 pairs of legs, 1 pair chelicerae, 1 pair pedipalps) Single-lens eyes Spiders: booklungs ```
53
Myriapoda
``` Arthropods Millipedes and centipedes Antannae Mandibles: jaw-like mouthparts Many legs: millipedes 2/segment, centipedes 1/segment Millipedes: herbivores Centipedes: carnivores ```
54
Hexapoda
``` Arthropods Insects 3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen Wings 3 pairs of legs, antennae, specialized mouthparts Compound eyes ```
55
Incomplete metamorphosis
Eggs -> nymphs -> adults
56
Complete metamorphosis
Eggs -> larva -> pupa -> adult
57
Crustacea
Arthropods Shrimp, lobster, crab, crayfish, barnacles Body in 2-3 parts 2 pairs of antennae, 3 or more legs, 3 or more appendages for chewing Compound eyes Gills Exoskeleton hardened w/ calcium carbonate
58
Echinodermata
"Spiny skin" Starfish and sea urchins Endoskeleton of calcified plates Water vascular system: moving, feeding, gas exchange Larvae: bilateral symmetry Adult: imperfect radial symmetry Reproduction: males and females release gametes into water
59
Echinodermata body plan
Ring canal, 5 radial canals Tube feet: ampulla, sucker podium Madreporite (mother pore) "Nervous system:" nerve ring and nerve cords
60
Asteroides
Echinodermates | Sea stars
61
Ophiuroidea
Echinodermates | Brittle stars
62
Echinoidea
Echinodermates Urchins and sand dollars Sea urchins: experimental model for developmental biology, edible gonads
63
Crinoidea
Echinodermates | Feather stars
64
Holothuroidea
Echinodermates | Sea cucumbers
65
Chordates
Notochord: part of mesoderm that directs building of nerve tube under ectoderm Pharyngeal slits: invertebrates- filter feeding, fish-gills, tetrapods- ear, head, neck Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Post-anal tail
66
Cephalochordata
Lancelets or amphioxus Larval and adult stages have chordate characteristics Somite: forms muscles in amphioxus, forms vertebrae, ribs, back muscles, and more in vertebrates
67
Urochordata
Tunicates/Sea Squirts Larval stage has chordate characteristics Adult sessile
68
Craniate Characteristics
Head with sense organs and brain enclosed in skull Neural crest cells Higher metabolic rate 2 chambered heart Hemoglobin in red blood cells Kidneys Pharyngeal slits become respiratory gills
69
Neural crest cells
Give rise to teeth, bones and cartilage of skull, dermis of face, certain types of neurons Involved in development of eyes and other sense organs
70
Myxini
``` Craniates Hagfishes Cartilaginous skull No jaws or vertebrae Slime glands ```
71
Vertebrate characteristics
``` More extensive skull Backbone/vertebrae and internal skeleton Paired muscle masses Central nervous system Heart w/ 2 or more chambers ```
72
Petromyzontida
``` Vertebrates Lampreys (jawless fishes) Skeleton made of cartilage No jaws Larval stage looks like a lancelet (cephalochordate) Adults retain notochord ```
73
Gnathostomes
Vertebrates Jaws-hinged mouth gripping Evolution from pharyngeal slits Addition duplications of Hox genes
74
Chondrichthyes
Gnathostomes Sharks, rays and ratfishes Cartilaginous skeleton Cloaca: single opening for intestinal, reproductive, and urinary tracts
75
Osteichthyes
``` Gnathostomes Ray fin fishes and lobe fin fishes Bony skeleton Rod shaped bones in pectoral and pelvic fins Some have lungs ```
76
Tetrapods
4 feet and limbs Head separated from body by neck Pharyngeal slits turn into ears
77
Urodela
Amphibians | Salamanders
78
Anura
Amphibians Frogs Metamorphosis
79
Apoda
Caecilians (legless amphibians) | Gas exchange via lungs and skin
80
Amniotes
``` Amniotic egg Amnion: membrane that covers embryo Chorion: gas exchange Allantois: waste disposal Yolk sac: nutrients for embryo ```
81
Reptilia
``` Leathery shelled eggs Ectothermic Tuatara Squamates (scaled reptiles) Turtles Crocodilians Birds ```
82
Aves
``` Reptiles Birds Large brain to body size Loss or fusion of bones Highly pneumatic skeleton No teeth in jaw 4 chambered heart Air sacs for efficient respiration Endothermic Feathers ```
83
Mammalia
``` Hair Mammary glands Endothermic 4 chambered heart Diaphragm ```

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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