Bio 121 Lab Exam 1 Flashcards by Genevieve Benjamin

Unicellular Green Algae

Desmids
Micrasterias
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Spirogyra
Oedogonium

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Chlamydomonas

Unicellular green algae

Move with flagella

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Chlamydomonas Sexual Lifecycle

Zoospores (haploid cells) have different mating strains (+ or -): isogametes
Zoospore nuclei fuse (syngamy): sexual reproduction
Zygote is resistant to environmental stressors
Meiosis produces more zoospores

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Volvox

Colonial green algae

Individual cells connected to each other by cytoplasmic strands

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Spirogyra

Filamentous green algae
Grow in end-to-end chains
Photosynthetic: ribbon-like chloroplasts

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Spirogyra Sexual Lifecycle

Haploid vegetative cells have opposite mating strains
Mating strains connect via conjugation tube
Male gamete fuses with female gamete
Resistant zygote forms
Asexual reproduction: fragmentation

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Oedogonium

Filamentous green algae

Have distinctive male and female parts

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Oedogonium Sexual Lifecycle

Antheridium (male part) releases antherozoids
Antherozoids travel to Oogonium (female part)-fuse with egg
Oospore (diploid) undergoes meiosis to form zoospore (haploid)
Zoospore forms into a filament
Mitosis occurs by fragmentation

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Brown Algae

Phaeophyta

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Red Algae

Rhodophyta

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Hepatophyta

Bryophyte member
Liverworts (Marchantia)
Nonvascular

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Liverwort Sexual Lifecycle

Sperm is released from antheridium- travels to archegonium
Sporophyte (diploid) develops in archegonium
Sporophyte produces thallus (long thick sheet- haploid)
Gemma cups on thallus disperse spores (asexual reproduction)

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Pterophyta

Seedless vascular
Ferns
Equisetum (common fern)
Asplenium
Matteuccia (observed in lab)

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Fern Sexual Lifecycle

Sporangium produce spores (haploid)
Spores develop into gametophytes
Underside of gametophyte contains archegonium and antheridium
Sperm is released from antheridium and travels to archegonium
Fertilization of egg produces zygote
Zygote develops into sporophyte (leaf)
Sporangium are located on underside of leaf

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Prothallium

Fern gametophyte

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Bryophyta

Non-vascular
True moss
Sphagnum

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Lycophyta

Seedless vascular
Lycopodium (club moss)
Selaginella (resurrection plant)

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Ginkgophyta

Vascular seeded

Ginkgo

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Cycadophyta

Vascular seeded

Zamia

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Gnetophyta

Vascular seeded

Welwitchia

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Coniferophyta

Vascular seeded

Pinus

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Nematodes

Ascaris Lumbricoides

Phylum Nematoda

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Chiton

Phylum Mollusca

Class Polyplacophora

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Jellyfish

Physalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Scyphozoa

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Spider (Black Widow)

Latrodectus mactans Phyla Arthropoda Subphyla Cheliceriformes

Polychaetae (Sand worm)

Nereis virens | Phylum Annelida

Sponge

Neoesperiopsis (sponge with finger-like projections; orange) Callyspongia (similar to above, but pink and larger pores) Phylum Porifera

Snail

Achantia Phylum Molusca Class Gastropoda

Starfish

Asterias forbesii Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroides

Fruit fly

Drosophila melanogaster Phylum Artrhopoda Class Hexapoda

Leech

Hirudo Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta

Turtle

Testudines Phylum Chordata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Reptilia

Anemone

Metridium marginatum Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa

Urchin

Arabacia punctulata Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea

Flukes

Flat worms Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda

Octopus

Phylum Molusca | Class Cephalopoda

Lobster

Cambarus Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea

Roundworm

Caenorhabditis elegans | Phylum Nematoda

Tape worm

Moniezia Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda

Bird (American Kestrel)

Falco sparverius Phylum Chordata Class Aves

Clitellum

Asymmetrical part of worm | Secretes cocoon for fertilized eggs

Prostonium

Nose of worm

Seta

Bristles of worm

Seminal vesicle

Male reproductive part of worm

Seminal receptacle

Female reproductive part of worm

Crop

Food storage; first part of digestive system of worm and grasshopper

Typhlosole

Dorsal, inward fold of intestine of worm

Cuticle

Outer covering of worm

Nephridium

Excretory organ of worm

Caeca

Clasp crop and stomach of grasshopper

Malpighian tubules

Clasp intestines of grasshopper

Ovipositor

Digging back organ of female grasshopper- used for laying eggs

Ocelli

Simple eyes of grasshopper | Located below antennae

Labrum

Top covering of mouth of grasshopper

Mandible

Chewing organ of grasshopper | Located on sides of head

Maxilla

Part of grasshopper mouth Outer part: sensory Inner part: food handling

Labium

Bottom covering of mouth of grasshopper

Tympanum

Eardrum of grasshopper | Located on side of body

Spiracles

Respiratory system of grasshopper | Small holes along abdomen

Digestive system comparison

Worm: coelom; typhlosole, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine Grasshopper: coelom; esophagus, crop, stomach, gastric caeca, intestine, rectum

Nervous system comparison

Worm: ventral nerve cord Grasshopper: ventral nerve cord and ganglia

Reproductive system comparison

Worm: seminal receptacles, seminal vesicles, clitellum Grasshopper: ovipositors

Circulatory system comparison

Worm: ventral and dorsal vessels; closed; 5 "hearts" Grasshopper: open; 1 heart

Excretory system comparison

Worm: nephridia Grasshopper: malpighian tubules

Sensory system comparison

Worm: few sensory organs Grasshopper: tympanum, eyes, antennae

Respiratory system comparison

Worm: tiny blood vessels Grasshopper: spriacles, tracheal tubes

Structure comparison

Worm: hydrostatic Grasshopper: exoskeleton

Symmetry comparison

Worm and Grasshopper: bilateral

Muscle comparison

Worm: circular and longitudinal Grasshopper: complex, attached to exoskeleton

Sexes

Worm: hermaphroditic Grasshopper: separate