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Bio 121 > Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

The process by which food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up

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2
Q

3 things an animal’s diet supplies

A

Chemical energy (produce ATP)
Organic building blocks (biosynthesis)
Essential nutrients

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3
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Those materials that an animal’s cells require but cannot synthesize

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4
Q

4 classes of essential nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

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5
Q

Amino acid requirements of animals

A

Animals require 20 amino acids, about half of which they can synthesize from molecules in their diet
Essential amino acids must be obtained from food in preassembled form

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6
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Found in meat, cheese, and eggs
“Complete” proteins
Most plant proteins are incomplete

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7
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Animals can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need
Obtained from diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid: omega-3 fatty acid; linoleic acid: omega-6 fatty acid)
Deficiencies in these are rare

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic molecules required in diet in small amounts
13 are essential for humans
2 categories: fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B vitamins, vitamin C)

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9
Q

Minerals

A

Simple inorganic nutrients
Usually required in small amounts
Important in bone/teeth development, water balance, nerve/muscle function, oxygen transport, and blood clotting
Ingesting large amounts can upset homeostatic balance

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10
Q

Main stages of food processing

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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11
Q

Ingestion

A

Act of eating

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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13
Q

Absorption

A

Uptake of nutrients by body cells

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14
Q

Elimination

A

Passage of undigested material out of digestive system

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15
Q

4 main feeding mechanisms

A

Suspension feeders
Substrate feeders
Fluid feeders
Bulk feeders

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16
Q

Suspension feeders

A

Sift small food particles from water

Example: whale that eats using baleen

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17
Q

Substrate feeders

A

Animals that live in or on their food source

Example: caterpillar living on and eating leaf

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18
Q

Fluid feeders

A

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

Example: mosquito that sucks blood

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19
Q

Bulk feeders

A

Eat relatively large pieces of food

Example: boa constrictor eating mouse

20
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaking food down into pieces, increasing surface area for chemical digestion

21
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Break food down using acids

22
Q

Digestive compartments

A

Most animals process food in specialized compartments

Compartments reduce risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

23
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis

Food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes

24
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Breakdown of food particles outside cells

Occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal’s body (ex- gastrovascular cavity)

25
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Digestive tube with 2 openings, a mouth, and an anus

Specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a stepwise fashion

26
Q

Mammalian accessory glands

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas (releases HCO3-, a buffer)
Liver
Gallbladder

27
Q

Peristalsis

A

Pushes food along using alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle

28
Q

Sphincters

A

Valves that keep food material in its proper place in the digestive tract

29
Q

Order of mechanical digestion in humans

A

Takes place in oral cavity
Salivary glands deliver saliva to lubricate food
Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary amylase (enzyme that breaks down glucose polymers) and mucus (viscous mixture of water, salt, cells, and glycoproteins) in saliva
Tongue shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing
Pharynx (throat) is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea
Swallowing causes epiglottis to block entry to trachea
Bolus of food is guided by larynx (upper part of respiratory tract) into esophagus, which conducts food down to stomach by peristalsis

30
Q

Digestion in stomach

A

Stomach stores food and secretes gastric juice to convert food to acid chyme
Mucus protects the stomach lining
Churning
Sphincters prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate its entry into the small intestine

31
Q

Gastric juice

A

Low pH (about 2)
Kills bacteria and denatures proteins
Made up of HCl and pepsin (protease: protein-digesting enzyme)

32
Q

Digestion in small intestine

A

Small intestine is largest section of alimentary canal
Duodenum (1st section): most digestion occurs
Jejunum (2nd section) and ileum (3rd section): mainly absorption of nutrients and water
Bile (made in liver and stored in gallbladder) aids in digestion and absorption of fats and destroys nonfunctional red blood cells
Absorption occurs across villi and microvilli, which are exposed to the intestinal lumen

33
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, and then to the heart

34
Q

Liver

A 
Regulates distribution of nutrients throughout body
Detoxifies toxins (alcohol, drugs, etc.)
35
Q

Absorption in the large intestine

A

Colon is connected to small intestine
Colon recovers water and houses bacteria which live on unabsorbed organic material
Some bacteria produce vitamins
Feces, including undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon
Feces are stored in the rectum until they can be eliminated through the anus
2 sphincters between the rectum and anus control bowel movements

36
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A 
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus: salivary amylase breaks polysaccharides down into smaller polysaccharides or maltose; disaccharides aren't digested until small intestine
Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas): pancreatic amylases break smaller polysaccharides down into disaccharides
Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium): disaccharidases break disaccharides and maltose down into monosaccharides
37
Q

Protein digestion

A 
Stomach: pepsin breaks proteins down into small polypeptides
Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas): pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin breaker small polypeptides into even smaller polypeptides and then pancreatic carboxypeptidase breaks these smaller polypeptides down into small peptides
Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium): dipeptidases, caryboxypeptidase, and aminopeptidase break small peptides down into amino acids
38
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A 
Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas): pancreatic nucleases break DNA and RNA down into nucleotides
Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium): nucleotidases break nucleotides down into nucleosides (nucleotides minus PO4) and then nucleosidases and phosphatases break nucleosides down into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates
39
Q

Fat digestion

A

Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas): pancreatic lipase breaks fat triglycerides down into glycerol, fatty acids, and monoglycerides

40
Q

Function of B vitamins

A

Coenzymes

41
Q

Function of vitamin C

A

Collagen synthesis and antioxidant

42
Q

Function of vitamin A

A

Comprise visual pigments

Maintenance of epithelial tissue

43
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus

44
Q

Function of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

Helps prevent damage to cell membranes

45
Q

Function of vitamin K

A

Blood clotting

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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