Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Evolutionary convergence

Answer 1

Different species independently adapt to a similar environmental challenge

Question 2

Exchange with the environment

Answer 2

Occurs as substances dissolved in an aqueous medium

Substances diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes

Question 3

Organisms with more complex body plans

Answer 3

Highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials
Specialized cells and tissues

Question 4

Digestive system

Answer 4

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
Food processing

Question 5

Circulatory system

Answer 5

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Internal distribution of materials

Question 6

Respiratory system

Answer 6

Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

Gas exchange

Question 7

Immune and lymphatic systems

Answer 7

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
Body defense against infection

Question 8

Excretory system

Answer 8

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Question 9

Endocrine system

Answer 9

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secreting glands
Coordinations of body activities

Question 10

Reproductive system

Answer 10

Ovaries or testes and associated organs

Reproduction

Question 11

Nervous system

Answer 11

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Coordinations of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

Question 12

Integumentary system

Answer 12

Skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, skin glands, etc.)

Protection against injury, infection, or dehydration; thermoregulation

Question 13

Skeletal system

Answer 13

Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

Body support, protection of internal organs, movement

Question 14

Muscular system

Answer 14

Skeletal muscles

Locomotion and other movement

Question 15

4 tissue types

Answer 15

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 16

Epithelial tissue

Answer 16

Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body
Contains cells that are closely joined in sheets
Columnar: column-like cells
Cuboidal: square-shaped cells
Squamous: “squashed” cells

Question 17

Connective tissue

Answer 17

Binds and supports other tissues
Sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of fibers
Collagenous fibers and elastic fibers (thinner)

Question 18

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 18

Loose connective tissue (holds organs in place)
Fibrous connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments)
Adipose (fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Question 19

Fibroblasts

Answer 19

Connective tissue matrix: secrete fiber proteins

Question 20

Macrophages

Answer 20

Connective tissue matrix: engulf foreign particles and debris by endocytosis

Question 21

Muscle tissue

Answer 21

Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) capable of contracting in response to nerve signals

Question 22

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 22

Skeletal (striated-horizontal stripes, voluntary control)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)

Question 23

Nervous tissue

Answer 23

Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

Made up of neurons and glial cells

Question 24

Parts of neuron

Answer 24

Cell body (soma)
Axon: transmits signal from one cell to another
Dendrites: receives signal

Question 25

Glial cells

Answer 25

Support and nourishment of long lines of axons

Question 26

Homeostasis

Answer 26

Balance between external changes and the animal's internal control mechanisms that oppose the changes

Question 27

Regulator

Answer 27

Uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation Fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus that is detected by a sensor and triggers a response Response returns the variable to the set point

Question 28

Conformer

Answer 28

Allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 29

Negative feedback

Answer 29

Returns variable to normal range Most homeostatic control systems function by using this Buildup of end product shuts system off

Question 30

Positive feedback

Answer 30

Amplifies a stimulus Example: baby's head pushing against uterus increases contractions until baby is born Doesn't usually contribute to homeostasis

Question 31

Thermoregulation

Answer 31

Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range Insulation (feathers, fur, fat) Circulatory adaptations (vasodilation, vasoconstriction, etc.) Evaporative heat loss (sweating, panting) Behavioral (basking, hibernation, shivering)

Question 32

Endothermic

Answer 32

Generate heat by metabolism Mammals and birds Can bask in sun- lowers energy output

Question 33

Ectothermic

Answer 33

Gain heat from external surfaces | Reptiles, bugs, fish, amphibians, etc.

Question 34

4 ways to exchange heat

Answer 34

Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction

Question 35

Radiation

Answer 35

Transfer of heat between objects that aren't in direct contact

Question 36

Evaporation

Answer 36

Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing its molecules as gas

Question 37

Convection

Answer 37

Transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface

Question 38

Conduction

Answer 38

Direct transfer of heat between of molecules of objects in direct contact with each other

Question 39

Vasodilation

Answer 39

Blood vessels enlarge, releasing heat

Question 40

Vasoconstriction

Answer 40

Blood vessels constrict, keeping heat in body

Question 41

Countercurrent heat exchange

Answer 41

Warm blood in arteries transfers heat to cold blood in veins | Takes place in extremities

Question 42

Hypothalamus

Answer 42

Specific part of human brain that controls thermoregulation | Nerve cells function as a thermostat

Question 43

Bioenergetics

Answer 43

Flow of energy through an animal

Question 44

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 44

Metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest

Question 45

Standard metabolic rate

Answer 45

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest | Measured at standard temperature- different for each animal

Question 46

Metabolic rate

Answer 46

Inversely proportional to body size among similar animals | Small animals have higher: hearts beat faster and they breathe more times per minute