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Bio 121 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How hormones work

A

Hormones are secreted into the circulatory system

Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only affect cells that have a receptor for that hormone

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2
Q

Nervous system vs. endocrine system

A

Nervous system: fast and wired (ex-muscle contraction)

Endocrine system: slower and wireless (ex- growth and reproduction)

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3
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Hormones are released into the blood and trigger signals anywhere

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4
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Molecules trigger cells nearby

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5
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Molecule triggers itself

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6
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Neurotransmitter released from synapse triggers cell

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7
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A

Neurohormones released into blood from nerves trigger cells anywhere

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8
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine: ductless organs, release into bloodstream
Exocrine: ducts, release into a lumen

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9
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Causes release of other hormone

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10
Q

Path of hormone secretion

A
  1. Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete first hormone
  2. First hormone travels down portal vessels to anterior pituitary gland
  3. Endocrine cells of anterior pituitary gland release second hormone
  4. Second hormone travels out of anterior pituitary and into general circulation
  5. Second hormone triggers target cells to release their hormones
  6. Hormones from target cells take effect
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11
Q

3 major classes of hormones

A

Polypeptides and peptides (water soluble)
Amines (water soluble)
Steroids (lipid soluble)

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12
Q

Water soluble secretion pathway

A

Hormone is released from cell by exocytosis -> travels through bloodstream on its own (no carrier needed) -> binds to signal receptor on outside of target cell -> cytoplasmic response or gene regulation

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13
Q

Lipid soluble secretion pathway

A

Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane -> travels through bloodstream via protein carrier -> binds to signal receptor inside target cell -> gene regulation -> cytoplasmic response

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Reinforces stimulus, but must have end point

Example: oxytocin causes stretching of cervix -> more oxytocin -> more cervix stretching (endpoint: baby born)

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15
Q

Negative feedback

A

Decreases stimulus

Example: high glucose in blood causes release of insulin -> insulin causes decrease of glucose in blood

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16
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose (causes body cells to take up glucose and causes liver to store glucose as glycogen)
Produced in pancreatic beta cells
Peptide

17
Q

Glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose (causes liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into blood): opposite of insulin
Produced in pancreatic alpha cells
Peptide

18
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Caused by deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Problem: elevated blood glucose levels
Damage to capillaries in kidneys, eyes, and feet
Become dehydrated

19
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Autoimmune disorder: immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
Juvenile onset
Treatment: insulin injections

20
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors
Adult onset
Obesity is common cause
Treatment: diet and exercise (cells take up glucose)

21
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Pair of hormones: Triiodiothyronin (T3; 3 iodine atoms) and Thyroxine (T4; 4 iodine atoms)
Controls body metabolism
Steroid

22
Q

Thyroid hormone cascade

A

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone; hypothalamus) -> TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone; anterior pituitary) -> TH (thyroid hormone)
TH inhibits TSH and TRH

23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Too little thyroid function

Symptoms: weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance

24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of thyroid hormone

Symptoms: high temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure

25
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Form of hypothyroidism caused by autoimmunity

Symptom: protruding eyes

26
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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