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MEDDYGAETH > Plant > Flashcards

Plant Flashcards

1
Q

What is the classic triad of Henoch–Schönlein purpura?

A

Purpura
Joint pain/ Arthritis
Abdominal Pain

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2
Q

What is HSP?

A

Henoch–Schönlein purpura.
It is a systemic Vasculitis caused by deposition of immune complexes containing IgA
Most common in children under 10 (90%) under 6 (60%)

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3
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle usually close?

A

18-24 months of age

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4
Q

What is most common cause of gastroenteritis in children? (UK)

A

Rotavirus
Most will have by 5 years and develop immunity
Next most common is adenovirus

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5
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

Invagination if the proxinal bowel into a dustal segment- usually ileum into caecum through the ileocecal valve

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6
Q

What is common presentation of Intussusception?

A

3 months- 2yrs
RED CURRENT JELLY stool containing blood and mucus
Paroxysnal colicky pain when child draws legs upward

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7
Q

What are kernig and bardzinski’s signs?

A

Kernig +ve when thigh is flexed at the hip + knee is at 90• angle. Extension of knee from this postition is painful
Burdzinski +ve when forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hip and knee and abduction of the leg

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8
Q

What are +ve kernig and burdzinski’s signs suggeative of?

A

Meningitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Possibly encephalitis

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9
Q

What is pre-hospital setting treatment for meningitis?

A

IM benzylpenicillin

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10
Q

What is the hospital management of meningitis?

A

Lumbar puncture to confirm diagnosis
IV ceftriaxone ASAP!
Dexamthasone as adjunct to antibiotic (reduce complications)

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11
Q

What test are run on CSF sample in suspected meningitis?

A

PCR for virology, pneumococcus, meningitis, glucose, protein, culture and sensitivity , microscopy and gram stain

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12
Q

Children at high risk of sepsis are those with:

A 
Congenital heart disease
Significant burn injury
Sickle cell
Neonates
Asplenia
Chronic steroid dependency
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13
Q

What is the treatment for moderate/severe croup (aka laryngotrachealbronchitis)

A

Nebulised adrenaline
Oral dexamethasone 0.15mg/kg as a single dose
Paracetamol

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14
Q

Mutation in what gene causes Cystic Fibrosis and what type of mutation is it?

A

The CFTR gene
Most common serious autosomal recessive condition in the European Caucasian population (approximately 1/2500 live births)

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15
Q

What is the function of the CFTR Gene?

A

Codes for the CFTR protein essential to sodium transport channels across epithelial cell membranes. Mutations cause thickening of mucus predisposing to the blockage of pancreatic ducts, vas deferens and recurrent respiratory and sinus infections.

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16
Q

What are neonates tested for when screening for CF?

A

Immunoreactive Trypsinogen (IRT), this is released from the pancreas, usually in low levels but is usually high in CF- not reliable after 2 weeks of life

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17
Q

How is CF managed?

A

regular (at least twice daily) chest physiotherapy and postural drainage. Parents are usually taught to do this.
Deep breathing exercises are also useful
high calorie diet, including high fat intake*
vitamin supplementation
pancreatic enzyme supplements taken with every meals
heart and lung transplant

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18
Q

What is hirschprungs disease?

A

Absence of ganglion cells from myenteric and submucosal plexuses results in neonate not passing meconium
Occurs in 1/5000 births
Full thickness rectal biopsy for diagnosis

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19
Q

What is the treatment for hirschprungs disease?

A

Initially rectal washout procedure

Then an anorectal pull through procedure

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20
Q

What is a meconium

A

Meconium is the earliest stool of a mammalian infant. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water.
Dark green sludge!

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21
Q

What is Roseola infantum?

A

A common disease of infancy caused by the human herpes virus 6 (HHV6). It has an incubation period of 5-15 days and typically affects children aged 6 months to 2 years. Treatment supportive

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of roseola infantum?

A

high fever: lasting a few days, followed by a
maculopapular rash
febrile convulsions occur in around 10-15%
diarrhoea and cough are also commonly seen

23
Q

Define Cerebral Palsy

A

A disorder of movement and posture due to a non-progressive lesion of the motor pathways in the developing brain. It affects 2 in 1,000 live births and is the most common cause of major motor impairment

24
Q

Projectile vomiting after every feed that is not settling is suspicious of what in neonates?

A

Pyloric stenosis

25
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy of the circular pyloric muscles leading to stenosis of the pylorus.
Incidence of 4 per 1,000 live births, 4 times more common in males, 10-15% of infants have a positive family history,first-borns are more commonly affected

26
Q

What is hand foot and mouth disease?

A

A self-limiting condition affecting children characterized by vesicles on the palms and soles of the feet, oral ulcers and mild symptomatic unwellness. It is caused by the intestinal viruses of the Picornaviridae family (most commonly coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71). It is very contagious and typically occurs in outbreaks at nursery

27
Q 
What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Micrognathia
Low-set ears
Rocker bottom feet
Overlapping of fingers
A

Edward’s syndrome , trisomy 18

28
Q 
What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Microcephalic, small eyes
Cleft lip/palate
Polydactyly
Scalp lesions
A

Patau syndrome, trisomy 13

29
Q 
What childhood syndrome has the following characteristics?
Learning difficulties
Macrocephaly
Long face
Large ears
Macro-orchidism
A

Fragile X syndrome

30
Q 
What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Webbed neck
Pectus excavatum
Short stature
Pulmonary stenosis
A

Noonan syndrome

31
Q

What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Micrognathia
Posterior displacement of the tongue (may result in upper airway obstruction)
Cleft palate

A

Pierre-Robin syndrome or Treacher-Collins syndrome (the autosomal dominant version)

32
Q

What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Hypotonia
Hypogonadism
Obesity

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

33
Q 
What childhood syndrome has the following features?
Short stature
Learning difficulties
Friendly, extrovert personality
Transient neonatal hypercalcaemia
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
A

William’s syndrome

34
Q

What are the types of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ?

A

common ALL (75%), CD10 present, pre-B phenotype
T-cell ALL (20%)
B-cell ALL (5%)

35
Q

What is inheritance of haemophilia A?

A

X linked recessive

36
Q

What are the signs, in the baby, of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy.

A

Presentation: Intra Uterine Growth Restriction, microcephaly, midfacial hypoplasia, micrognathia, smooth philtrum, microphthalmia, short palpebral fissures, thin upper lip, irritability, ADHD.

37
Q

Define micrognathia

A

The jaw is undersized

38
Q

Define dermoid cyst

A

Dermoid cysts occur at sites of embryonic fusion and may contain multiple cell types. They occur most often in children.

39
Q

When can a child go back to school after gastroenteritis infection

A

48hours after symptoms subside

40
Q

What is the triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Thrombocytopenia
AKI

41
Q

How to reduce likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Lie baby flat on back, don’t share bed with baby, don’t bundle the baby up too much with too many quilts/ blankets and breastfeed

42
Q

What two dangerous types of infection can haemophilus influenza B cause?

A

Epiglotitis

Meningitis

43
Q

What are the components of fallot’s tetralogy

A

Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta

44
Q

How much should I feed my baby?

A

If under a month old 150mL/kg/day

If over a month old 100mL/kg/day

45
Q

What is the inheritance of Marfan syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant (though 25% of cases are spontaneous mutations of FBN1 gene)

46
Q

What are the features of Marfan syndrome?

A

Connective tissue disorder-Dislocated lens (ectopia lentis), Aorta weakness leading to aneurysm and aortic dissection also atrial valve regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, Tall, slender, elongated fingers and toes (arachnodactyly)

47
Q

What is Hyper obstructive cardiomyopathy ?

A 
Autosomal dominant condition characterized by thickening of Diastolic dysfunction
Mitral regurgitation (due to the Venturi effect)
Arrhythmia
End-stage HOCM results in systolic dysfunction, or “burnt out HOCM”
48
Q

What is the autism triad of impairments?

A

Deficits in flexible thinking regarding interests, routines, perspectives and rules
Deficits in understanding how to behave and interact with other people
Deficits in ability to communicate effectively with other people

49
Q

Treatment for GORD in children?

A

Sit baby up for 30mins after eating.
Gaviscon
Ranitidine

50
Q

What is shoulder distocia

A

Shoulder of baby’s gets stuck on the pubic symphysis. Can cause bruising, broken clavicles and nerve damage.

51
Q

Define anorexia nervosa

A

BMI less than 17.5 or weight less than 85 % of predicted based on height

52
Q

What are the three categories of reasons a child might fail to thrive?

A

Inadequate calorie intake
Inadequate calorie absorption
Excessive calorie requirement

53
Q

What is choanal atresia?

A

Congenital disorder where posterior nasal airway is occluded by soft tissue or bone. Associated with other congenital conditions, cyanosis is worse during feeding

54
Q

What is the classic presentation of androgen insensitivity?

A

groin swellings, ‘primary amenorrhoea’ and no public hair

MEDDYGAETH (21 decks)

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