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MEDDYGAETH > Niwroloji > Flashcards

Niwroloji Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of thiamine (vitamin B1 ) deficiency?

A

Alcohol excess

Malnutrition

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2
Q

What does wernicke’s encephalopathy cause?

A

Nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. (b1 deficiency)

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3
Q

Whst is an epileptic-like seizure but with no characteristic electrical discharges called?

A

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures

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4
Q

What are lacunar infarcts?

A

Small infarcts around the basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule and pons

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of lacunar infarct?

A

Unilateral weakness of (+- sensory deficit) of any combination of face arm and leg
Pure sensory stroke
Ataxic hemiparesis

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6
Q

Define ataxia

A

Term for group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech

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7
Q

In what part of the brain are early alzheimers changes likely to be seen?

A

Temporal lobe

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8
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

An idiopathic facial nerve palsy typically giving unilateral faciak nerve weakness with involvement of the forehead as it affects the lower motor neurones

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9
Q

Dementia-y symptoms and Cardiovascular risk factors means what?

A

Vascular dementia

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10
Q

Dementia-y symptoms in a 20-40yr old and strong family history means what?

A

Huntington’s disease

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11
Q

Dementia-y symptoms and myoclonic jerks?

A

CJD (creutzfeldt-jakob disease)

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12
Q

Dementia-y symptoms and visual hallucinations?

A

Lewy body dementia

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13
Q

Dementia-y symptoms, dysphagia, dyspraxia and problems with spacial navigations and visual awareness and persucatory beliefs

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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14
Q

Dementia-y symptoms with executive function impairment and personality change

A

Picks disease/ fronto-temporal dementia

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15
Q

Dementia-y symptoms with urinary incontinence and abnormal gait

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

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16
Q

What pathological features are associated with Levy body dementia ?

A

Alpha synuclien

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17
Q

Donepezil and galantamine are examples of what?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

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18
Q

Rivastigmine is an example of what?

A

Butyl and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

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19
Q

What type of medication is an NMDA receptor blocker?

A

Memantine

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20
Q

What is the treatment for Alzheimer’s dementia?

A

Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are licensed for mild to moderate
Memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s

21
Q

What are the components of a neurological ROS?

A 
Headache
Fits, faints or funny turns
Vision
Hearing
Speech and swallow
Sensation
Balance or coordination
Memory
22
Q

What are headache red flags

A

Sudden onset high severity headache
Headache with fever
New onset neurological deficit
New onset cognitive dysfunction
Change in personality
Impaired level of consciousness
Recent head trauma (within past three months)
Headache triggered by cough, sneeze, exercise, or changes in posture.
Headache associated with halos around lights or headaches that get worse in the dark.
Headache associated with jaw claudication and scalp tenderness.

23
Q

20 minutes episodes of unilateral, debilitating episodes of retro-orbital pain with eye redness and watering means what?

A

Cluster Headache

24
Q

Headache triggered by changes in position or exertion. Vision changes on leaning forward means what?

A

Increased inter cranial pressure

25
Q

Describe common presentation of sinusitis?

A

Facial tenderness and rhinorrhea

26
Q

Tight band like painful sensation precipitated by stress means what?

A

Tension headache

27
Q

Describe common presentation of trigeminal neuralgia

A

Brief, stabbing pain when brushing teeth or chewing

28
Q

Describe common presentation for migraine

A

Unilateral, pounding, multiple triggers, lasts for hours, aversion to bright lights and loud noises, may be precipitated by aura

29
Q

Describe common presentation for acute glaucoma

A

Pain around eye, blurred vision with halos around lights

30
Q

Photophobia, neck stiffness and fever means what?

A

Meningitis

31
Q

Sudden onset excruciating headache likely means what?

A

Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage

32
Q

Scalp tenderness and unilateral jaw claudication means what ?

A

Temporal Arteritis

33
Q

What is TLC?

A

Transient Loss of Consciousness

34
Q

What TLC is triggered by suddenly standing up?

A

Postural hypotension

35
Q

What is cause of TLC triggered by vigorous exercise in you person?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/ cardiogenic syncope

36
Q

Collapse on shaving / whilst turning head likely to be due to?

A

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

37
Q

What does TLC due to aortic stenosis look like?

A

Chest pain, breathlessness and collapse on exertion

38
Q

TLC with palpitations and chest pain beforehand. Family history of early death. Indicative of what?

A

Arrhythmia/ cardiogenic syncope

39
Q

Vasovagal syncope is caused by what? And preceded by what?

A

Pain, micturition, fear and prolonged standing. Preceded by sweating, nausea and pallor. No confusion

40
Q

Twitching and jerking in the morning means what?

A

Early morning myoclonus

41
Q

Violent shaking, head moving from side to side, arching back, episodes of stillness before starting again and forced eye closure means what?

A

Psychogenic non-epileptic attack

42
Q

Crying out, falling to the floor, period of stiffness followed by rhythmic jerking that gradually decreases in amplitude and frequency, confused for 30mins afterwards means what?

A

Generalized tonic-clinic seizure

43
Q

What are the signs of upper motor neuron lesion ?

A

Increased reflexes and increased tone

44
Q

What are the signs of lower motor neurons lesion?

A

Decreased reflexes, normal/decreased tone, fasciculations.

45
Q

Tonic-clinic seizure, what immediate assessments do you want?

A

Vvitals and O2 sats, BM, ECG, neuronexam and bloods to check for acute metabolic disturbances e.g. hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia

46
Q

What is a stereotypical pattern for seizures? (They’re almost always the stereotype)

A

They take the same for with similar sequences of events, can arise from sleep, they tend to cluster, not especially effected by stress, and emotional shocks,

47
Q

What % of epilepsy cases are medically refractory

A

20-30%

48
Q

What are the signs of cerebellar lesions?

A 
D -Dysmetria (past-pointing)
A - Ataxia
N- Nystagmus
I- Intension tremor
S-Slurred staccato speech
H-Hypotonia
49
Q

What are the causes of cerebellar disorders

A 
P-paraneoplastic
A-alcohol
S-stroke/sclerosis
T-trauma
R-rare fredricks
I-iatrogenic
E-endocrine (hypothyroid)
S-space occupying lesions

MEDDYGAETH (21 decks)

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