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Reproduction > Physiology of Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Physiology of Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

The placenta is derived from which tissues?

A

Trophoblast and decidual

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2
Q

Placental villi are formed from what?

A

The embryo sending capillaries into the syncytiotrophoblast projections

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3
Q

What provides early nutrition for the embryo?

A

Invasion of trophoblastic cells into the decidua

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4
Q

The villi extended into the uterine wall contain what?

A

Blood vessels from the embryo

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5
Q

How does circulation within the intervillous space act?

A

Arteriovenous shunt

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6
Q

Which structure plays the role of the foetal lungs?

A

Placenta

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7
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the foetal/maternal circulation into the foetal/maternal circulation

A

From the maternal into the foetal circulation

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8
Q

Oxygen saturated blood returns to the foetus via which structure?

A

Umbilical vein

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9
Q

Which three factors facilitate the supply of the foetus with oxygen?

A

Foetal Hb
Higher Hb concentration in foetal blood
Bohr effect

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10
Q

How does water diffuse into the placenta?

A

Along its osmotic gradient

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11
Q

How does glucose enter the placenta?

A

Simplified transport

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12
Q

What is the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

Prevents involution of the corpus luteum

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13
Q

Give some effects of human chorionic somatomammotropin

A

Protein tissue formation
Increased foetal glucose
Breast development

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14
Q

Give some effects of increased progesterone levels during pregnancy

A

Development of decidual cells
Decreased uterus contractility
Prepares for lactation

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15
Q

Give some effects of increased oestrogens during pregnancy

A

Enlargement of uterus
Breast development
Relaxation of ligaments

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16
Q

Which oestrogen provides an indicator for foetal vitality?

A

Oestriol

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17
Q

CRH released from the placenta can cause maternal hypertension and insulin resistance. How?

A

As it increases ACTH levels increasing aldosterone and cortisol

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18
Q

What effect can placental HCG have on the mother?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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19
Q

Increased calcium demands from the placenta can lead to which condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

20
Q

Give some of the cardiovascular changes that occur during pregnancy

A

Increase in cardiac output
Heart rate increases
Blood pressure falls (during second trimester)

21
Q

Why does cardiac output increase during pregnancy?

A

Due to demands of uteroplacental circulation

22
Q

Why does cardiac output decrease during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy?

A

As the uterus compresses the inferior vena cava

23
Q

Give some haematological changes that occur during pregnancy

A

Plasma volume increases
Erythropoesis (RBC) increases
Hb decreases

24
Q

What causes lung function to change during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone increases

Enlarging uterus

25
Q

What respiratory changes occur during pregnancy?

A

Lower CO2 levels

O2 consumption increases

26
Q

What changes take place in the renal system during pregnancy?

A

GFR increases
Increased re-absorption ions and water
Increased urine formation

27
Q

What is the definition of pre-eclampsia?

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension + proteinuria

28
Q

Give some risk factors for pre-eclampsia

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Autoimmune disease
Renal disease
FHx
PMHx
29
Q

What occurs in eclampsia?

A

Vascular spasms
Extreme hypertension
Chronic seizures
Coma

30
Q

How is eclampsia treated?

A

Vasodilators and C-section

31
Q

What is the average maternal weight gain in pregnancy?

A

6kg

32
Q

How many extra calories does the mother need per day during pregnancy?

A

300

33
Q

When does the mother’s anabolic phase occur?

A

Weeks 1-20

34
Q

What occurs in the mother’s anabolic phase?

A

Normal/increased sensitivity to insulin
Lower plasmatic glucose level
Lipogenesis
Growth of breasts/uterus

35
Q

What occurs in the mother’s catabolic phase?

A

Maternal insulin resistance
Increased nutrient transport to placenta
Lipolysis

36
Q

Give some common nutritional needs in pregnancy

A

Folate
Vit D supplements
High protein supplements
Iron

37
Q

During parturition, the oestrogen:progesterone ratio increases/decreases

A

Increases - oestrogen increases contractions

38
Q

Which pituitary hormone increases contractions?

A

Oxytocin

39
Q

The stretch of which structure increases contractility

A

Cervix

40
Q

Which hormone induces oxytocin receptors on the uterus?

A

Oestrogen

41
Q

Outline the positive feedback role of oxytocin in labour

A

Oxytocin stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins which stimulates more vigorous contractions of the uterus which increases oxytocin production

42
Q

What are the three stages of labour?

A

Cervical dilation
Passage through birth canal
Placental expulsion

43
Q

Which hormone is important in the growth of the ductile system?

A

Oestrogen

44
Q

Which hormone is important in development of the lobule-alveolar system?

A

Progesterone

45
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

46
Q

Which hormone helps in milk secretion?

A

Oxytocin

Reproduction (33 decks)

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