Pelvic Mass Flashcards

1
Q

Give some non-gynaecological causes of a pelvic mass

A

Constipation
Caecal carcinoma
Appendix/diverticular abscess
Urinary retention

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2
Q

Where do gynaecological causes of a pelvic mass arise from?

A

Uterus (body/cervix)
Tubal
Ovarian

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of a uterine mass?

A

Fibroids

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4
Q

What type of tumour are uterine fibroids?

A

Leiomyomas

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5
Q

How can uterine fibroid location be classified?

A
Pedunculated
Intracavitary
Intramural
Subserous
Submucous
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6
Q

How do uterine fibroids commonly present?

A

Pelvic mass
Menorrhagia
Pressure symptoms (frequency/retention)
Pain/tenderness

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7
Q

What is the first-line imaging for suspected fibroids?

A

USS

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8
Q

What imaging can be used to precisely localise suspected fibroids?

A

MRI

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9
Q

How are fibroids treated?

A

Hysterectomy (if family complete)
Myomectomy
Uterine artery embolisation
Hysteroscopic resection

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10
Q

Give some causes of tubal swellings

A

Ectopic pregnancy
Hydrosalpinx
Pyosalpinx
Paratubal cysts

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11
Q

What is the cause of endometriotic cysts?

A

Growth of endometrium outside the endometrial cavity

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12
Q

How do endometriotic cysts on the ovaries classically present?

A

Chocolate cysts

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13
Q

Give some clinical features of endometriotic cysts

A

Severe dysmenorrhoea
Premenstrual pain
Dyspareunia
Subfertility

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14
Q

The most common ovarian tumours arise from what?

A

Surface epithelium

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15
Q

What are the types of primary ovarian tumours that arise from surface epithelium?

A
Serous
Mucinous
Endometrioid
Clear cell
Brenner
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16
Q

A benign ovarian tumour arising from the surface epithelium is known as what?

A

Cystadenoma

17
Q

A malignant ovarian tumour arising from the surface epithelium is known as what?

A

Cystadenocarcinoma

18
Q

What is the main primary ovarian tumour arising from germ cells?

A

Benign cystic teratoma

19
Q

Give examples of primary ovarian tumours arising from the stroma

A

Granulosa cell tumour

Fibroma

20
Q

Malignant germ cell tumours may produce what?

21
Q

Give some clinical features of ovarian cancer

A
Pelvic mass (not always)
Heartburn
Weight loss
Bloating
Change of bowel habit
22
Q

Mutations in which genes are highly associated with ovarian cancer?

A

BRCA 1 & 2

23
Q

The oral contraceptive pill leads to increased/decreased risk of ovarian cancer

24
Q

Give some important tumour markers of ovarian cancer?

A

CA-125

CEA

25
Which imaging modality is better for the ovarian cyst itself?
USS
26
Which imaging modality is better for assessing disease outwith the ovary?
CT
27
What is CA-125 a marker of?
Peritoneal inflammation
28
Give some other conditions where CA-125 could be raised
``` Endometriosis Peritonitis Pregnancy Pancreatitis Ascites ```
29
What is the function of CEA as a marker?
To exclude metastases from GI cancer
30
How are benign ovarian cysts treated?
Removal/drainage
31
How are early stage malignant ovarian tumours treated?
Removal of the ovaries