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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase

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2
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

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3
Q

Which hormone influences the proliferative phase?

A

Oestrogen

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4
Q

Which hormone influences the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone

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5
Q

In the secretory phase, the glands appear more wiggly. True/false?

A

True

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6
Q

Give some types of abnormal uterine bleeding

A 
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Polymenorrhoea
Polymenorrhagia
Menometrorrhagia
Amenorrhoea
Oligomenorrhoea
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7
Q

Give some causes of abnormal uterine bleeding

A

Pregnancy
Anovulatory cycles
Endometritis
Endometrial polyps

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8
Q

What is the main investigation used for the endometrium?

A

Transvaginal ultrasound

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9
Q

What thickness of endometrium is an indication for biopsy?

A

> 4mm (post-menopause)

>16mm (pre-menopause)

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10
Q

What techniques can be used to sample the endometrium?

A

Endometrial pipelle

Dilatation and curretage

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11
Q

What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

A

Irregular uterine bleeding reflecting a disruption in hormonal stimulation to endometrial lining

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12
Q

What is endometritis?

A

An inflammation of the endometrium (plasma cells)

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13
Q

Give some causes of endometritis

A 
Neisseria
Chlamydia
CMV
Coil
Postpartum
Granulomatous
Post curettage
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14
Q

What occurs in molar pregnancy?

A

Abnormal form of pregnancy where a non-viable fertilised egg implants in uterus

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15
Q

In a complete molar pregnancy, whose DNA is present?

A

Only paternal - 46 YY

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16
Q

In a partial molar pregnancy, whose DNA is present?

A

Both maternal and paternal - 69 XXY

17
Q

How many cell layers line the normal endocervix?

A

One

18
Q

What is the most common site of neoplasia in the cervix?

A

Transformation zone

19
Q

The transformation zone is a junction between which epithelia?

A

Squamous (ectocervical)

Columnar (endocervical)

20
Q

What occurs in cervical erosion?

A

Exposure of endocervical epithelium to acid environment causes physiological metaplasia

21
Q

Give some causes of inflammatory pathology in the cervix

A

Cervicitis

Cervical polyp

22
Q

Give some causes of neoplastic pathology in the cervix

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Squamous carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

23
Q

Which virus serotypes are the main cause of cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

24
Q

Give some risk factors for CIN/cervical cancer

A

Presence of high risk HPV (multiple sexual partners)
Long term OCP use
Smoking
Immunosupression

25
Q

Which histological feature shows HPV infection in the cervix?

A

Koilocytosis

26
Q

Histopathologically, when does cervical cancer occur?

A

When squamous cells have invaded the basement membrane

27
Q

Give some histological features of CIN

A

Delay in maturation/differentiation
Nuclear abnormalities (increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio)
Excess mitotic activity

28
Q

What occurs in CIN stage I?

A

The basal 1/3 of the epithelium is occupied by abnormal cells

29
Q

What occurs in CIN stage II?

A

Abnormal cells extend to middle 1/3

30
Q

What occurs in CIN stage III?

A

Abnormal cells occupy full thickness of epithelium

31
Q

How is squamous cervical carcinoma staged?

A

Stage 1 - confined to cervix
Stage 2 - spread to adjacent organs
Stage 3 - involves pelvic wall
Stage 4 - distant mets or involvement or rectum/bladder

32
Q

Give some symptoms of squamous cervical carcinoma

A

Abnormal bleeding (post-coital/menopausal)
Pelvic pain
Haematuria
Ureteric obstruction

33
Q

In squamous cervical carcinoma, lymphatic spread is early and haematogenous is late. True/false?

A

True

34
Q

What is the preinvasive phase of endocervical adenocarcinoma?

A

Cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN)

35
Q

Give some risk factors for endocervical adenocarcinoma

A

Higher social class
Later onset of sexual activity
Smoking
HPV

36
Q

Which women commonly get vulvar invasive squamous carcinoma?

A

Elderly women

37
Q

Which lymph nodes are most commonly affected by VISC?

A

Inguinal

38
Q

How does vulvar Paget’s disease present?

A

Crusting rash

Reproduction (33 decks)

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